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Human Health and Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Secondary infection

A

Infection that occurs during or after the treatment of an infection (primary infection)

Disease by one pathogen + another disease by different pathogen

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2
Q

Reinfection

A

Getting infected by the same pathogen again

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3
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Hospital-borne infection

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Infection or disease causing microorganism

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5
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause an infection/disease is called pathogenicity

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6
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of pathogenecity is called virulence

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7
Q

Invasiveness

A

Ability of the pathogen to invade the body cells and colonise

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8
Q

Toxigenecity

A

The ability of a pathogen to produce a toxin which can cause infection/disease

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9
Q

Incubation period

A

The time period between the entry of the pathogen and the development of the first visible symptom

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10
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of occurrence and prevalence of a disease is termed as epidemiology

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11
Q

Sporadic disease

A

Restricted to a particular (small) group of people

E.g. Food poisoning

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12
Q

Endemic disease

A

Restriced to a particular area

E.g. NEPA virus in Kerala

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13
Q

Epidemic disease

A

Rapid spread of disease in a given population within a short period of time

E.g. Cholera

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14
Q

Pandemic disease

A

Spread of a particular disease across the world

E.g. AIDS, Ebola virus, Corona virus, Smallpox, Polio (eradicated in 2018)

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15
Q

Direct modes of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms

A
  1. Contact
  2. Droplet
  3. Soil
  4. Transplacental
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16
Q

Direct mode of transmission- Contact

A

STDs- Sexually transmitted diseases
E.g. AIDS

AIDS is caused:
1. through sexual contact
2. infected needles and infected blood
3. transplacental (mother to foetus)

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17
Q

Direct mode of transmission- Droplet

A

E.g. Diptheria and Tuberculosis

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18
Q

Direct mode of transmission- Soil

A

Ringworm infection (Fungal/Mycotic infection)
All soil borne infections are usually mycotic infections

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19
Q

Direct mode of transmission- Transplacental

A

Hepatitis B (inflammation of liver)

Hepatitis A and Hepatitis C are water-borne

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20
Q

Indirect modes of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms

A
  1. Vectors
  2. Vehicle borne
  3. Fomite borne
  4. Airborne
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21
Q

Vectors- types

A
  1. Mechanical vector
  2. Biological vector
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22
Q

What are mechanical vectors + examples

A

Mechanical vectors pick up pathogens on the outside of their bodies and transmit them through physical contact

E.g. Tsetse fly carries Trypanosoma which causes African sleeping sickness

E.g. Aedes mosquito carries Flavivirus which cause Dengue

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23
Q

What are biological vectors + examples

A

One part of the life cycle of the pathogen takes place in the carriers or vectors and the other part of the life cycle takes place in the host

E.g. Female anopholes mosquito carries Plasmodium (underline) causing Malaria

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24
Q

Vehicle borne

A

Water or milk

E.g. Water- Cholera

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25
Q

Fomite borne

A

Fomite- Inanimate objects which are used by the infected person are called fomite

E.g. Chickenpox

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26
Q

Diphtheria-
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

Corynebacterium diptheriae (UNDERLINE)

Mode of transmission: Droplet infection

27
Q

Diphtheria:
Symptoms

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

Symptoms:
1. Fever and chills
2. Rapid rate of breathing, noisy breathing (because bacteria colonise in the throat)
3. Sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, difficulty in swallowing

28
Q

Diphteria:
Prevention/Treatment

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

  1. Healthy lifestyle
  2. Well ventilated room
  3. Avoid contact with sick people
  4. Avoid congested, polluted places
  5. DPT vaccine: mandatory for babies. Diphtheria, Petrussis, Tetanus
29
Q

Pneumonia
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

Causative agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae (UNDERLINE)
Mode of transmission: Inhalation of droplets

30
Q

Pneumonia symptoms

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

  1. PERSISTENT dry cough
  2. High fever
  3. Rapid rate of breathing
  4. Sputum (spit containing microoganisms) contains streaks of blood
31
Q

Pneumonia
Prevention/Treatment

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

  1. Well ventilated room
  2. Healthy lifestyle
  3. Avoid contact with sick people
32
Q

Typhoid
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

Causative agent: Salmonella typhi (UNDERLINE)
Mode of transmission: Contaminated water or food

33
Q

Typhoid
Symptoms

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

  1. Sustained high fever (ENTERIC)
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Constipation
  4. Diarrhoea
  5. Loss of appetite
34
Q

Why is typhoid fever called enteric fever?

A

Because Salmonella typhi the causative agent colonises in the enteric region i.e. intestinal region of the body

35
Q

Typhoid:
Prevention/Treatment

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

  1. Filtered/boiled and cooled water
  2. Wash vegetables/fruits before consumption
36
Q

Plague:
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE
Causative agent: Yersinia pestis (UNDERLINE)
Mode of transmission: Flea bite

37
Q

Plague
Symptoms

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

  1. Fever
  2. Chills
  3. Fatigue
  4. Swollen lymph nodes
38
Q

Plague
Prevention/Treatment

A

BACTERIAL DISEASE

  1. Live in hygienic conditions
  2. Remove clutter from homes
  3. Rodent free homes and surroundings
39
Q

Tinea
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

RINGWORM INFECTION

Causative agent:
Microsporium
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
(UNDERLINE)

Mode of transmission
When moist, warm area of the body comes in contact with the soil or contaminated fomite

40
Q

Tinea symptoms

A

RINGWORM INFECTION
1. Mild irritation
2. Patch of inflammation
3. Scaling
4. Hair loss

41
Q

Tinea prevention/treatment

A

RINGWORM INFECTION
1. Keep junctures of body parts dry
2. Personal hygiene
3. Wearing proper footwear
4. Avoid wearing tight fitting clothes

42
Q

Common cold/Rhinitis
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

VIRAL DISEASE

Causative agent: Cold viruses

Mode of transmission:
Fomite infection
Droplet infection

43
Q

Common cold/Rhinitis
Symptoms

A

VIRAL DISEASE

  1. Nasal congestion and discharge
  2. Sore throat, dry cough
  3. Headache and stuffy feeling in the head
  4. Difficulty in breathing
44
Q

Common cold/Rhinitis
Prevention/treatment

A

VIRAL DISEASE
1. Proper personal hygiene
2. Rehydration
3. Steam inhalation
4. Cover the mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing

45
Q

Chikungunya
causative agent
mode of infection

A

VIRAL DISEASE

causative agent: Alpha virus
mode of infection: bite of Aedes aegypti (UNDERLINE) mosquito (acts as a mechanical vector)

46
Q

Chikungunya
Symptoms

A

VIRAL DISEASE

  1. Arthralgic disease affecting the joints of extremities
  2. Myalgia i.e. pain in muscles
  3. Generalised rash, nausea, fatigue
47
Q

Chikungunya
Prevention/treatment

A

VIRAL DISEASE

  1. Stagnant water to be removed
  2. Do not allow breeding of mosquitoes
  3. Mosquito net
  4. Intake of adequate amount of water
48
Q

Dengue fever
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

VIRAL DISEASE

Causative agent: Flavivirus (UNDERLINE)
Mode of transmission: Bite of the female Aedes mosquito

49
Q

Dengue fever
symptoms

A

VIRAL DISEASE
1. Break bone fever- Severe pain in the bones and painful spasms
2. Rash, muscle and joint paint, headache (behind the eyes)
3. Flushed skin
4. Internal bleeding in the gut

50
Q

Dengue fever
Clinical manifestations

A
  1. Thrombocytopenia- low platelet count
  2. Interferon release- Interferons are anti-viral proteins released by the immune system during a viral infection to fight against the invading virus
  3. Capillary permeability
51
Q

Dengue fever
Prevention/treatment

A

VIRAL DISEASE

  1. Stagnant water to be removed
  2. Do not allow breeding of mosquitoes
  3. Mosquito net
  4. Intake of adequate amount of water
52
Q

Ascariasis
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS
Causative agent: Ascaris lumbricoides (UNDERLINE)
Mode of transmission: Contaminated food or water

53
Q

Ascariasis
Symptoms

A

DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS
1. Vomiting
2. Abdominal cramps and pain (around the naval, radiating to the lower abdomen)
3. Intestinal obstruction
4. Biliary obstruction

54
Q

Ascariasis
Prevention/treatment

A

DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS
1. Proper sanitary hygiene
2. Filtered, boiled and cooled water
3. Wash vegetables/fruits before consumption

55
Q

Filariasis/Elephantiasis
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS
Causative agent: Wuchereria bancrofti
Exhibits sexual dimorphism- female larger than male

Rhabditiform larva stage of the life cycle takes place in the man

Mode of transmission: Bite of Culex mosquito (Biological vector)

56
Q

Filariasis/Elephantiasis
Symptoms

A

DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS
1. Inflammation of lymph glands and nodes
2. Enlargement of limbs
3. Blockage of lymphatic circulation

57
Q

Filariasis/Elephantiasis
Prevention/treatment

A

DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS
1. Stagnant water to be removed
2. Do not allow breeding of mosquitoes
3. Mosquito nets
4. Intake of adequate amount of water

58
Q

Amoebiasis
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

PROTOZOAN DISEASE
in chronic stages it is termed as amoebic dysentery

Causative agent: Entamoeba histolyca
Mode of transmission: Contaminated by food or water

59
Q

Amoebiasis
Symptoms

A

PROTOZOAN DISEASE
1. Intermittent or profuse diarrhoea
2. Abdominal cramping- on or around the navel
3. Fever
4. Abdominal pain- generalised

60
Q

Amoebiasis
Prevention/Treatment

A

PROTOZOAN DISEASE
1. Proper personal hygiene
2. Proper intake of water
3. Filtered, boiled and cooled water
4. Washed vegetables/fruits before consumption

61
Q

Malaria
Causative agent
Mode of transmission

A

PROTOZOAN DISEASE
Causative agents:
* Plasmodium vivax (most fatal)
* Plasmodium ovale
* Plasmodium falciparum
* Plasmodium malaria

Mode of transmission: Bite from female anopheles mosquito

62
Q

Malaria
Symptoms

A

PROTOZOAN DISEASE
1. Bouts of high fever with bed-shaking shivers
2. Headache and nausea
3. Muscle pain
4. Liver abscess

63
Q

Malaria
Prevention/Treatment

A

PROTOZOAN DISEASE
1. Stagnant water to be removed
2. Do not allow breeding of mosquitoes
3. Mosquito nets
4. Intake of adequate amount of water

Biology (31 decks)

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