Reproductive chapter Flashcards
ACE Inhibitors
Renal agenesis
Alkylating agents
Absence of digits, multiple anomalies
Aminoglycosides
Ototoxicity
Carbamazepine
Neural tube defects, craniofacial defects, fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay, IUGR
Diethylstilbestrol
vaginal clear cell adenomacarcinoma
Folate antagonists
Neural tube defects
Lithium
Ebstein’s anomaly
Phenytoin
Fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, mental retardation
Tetracycline
Discolored teeth
thalidomide
limb defects
Valproate
inhibition of maternal folate absorption, neural tube defects
warfarin
bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, ophthalmologic abnormalities
Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome, birth defects, mental retardation, holoproencephalopathy
Cocaine
Placental abruption
Smoking
preterm labor, placental problems, IUGR, ADHD
Iodide
hypothyroidism or goiter
maternal diabetes
caudal regression syndrome, congenital heart defects, neural tube defects
vitamin A excess
spontaneous abortion, cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities
Xrays
microcephaly and mental retardation
1st aortic arch
maxillary artery
2nd aortic arch
stapedial artery and hyoid artery
3rd aortic arch
Common carotid and proximal internal carotid artery
4th aortic arch
left aortic arch, right proximal sublcavian
6th aortic arch
proximal part of pulmonary artery and ductus arteriousus
1st brachial cleft
external auditory meatus
2nd-4th cleft
temporary cervical sinuses, eventually obliterated. Persistent cervical sinus yields a brancial cleft cyst in the lateral neck
1st branchial arch
Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, malleus, mandibular ligament
Muscles of Mastiction: masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids, mylohyoid, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
CN V2/V3
treacher collins syndrome
2nd branchial arch
Reichert’s cartilage: stapes, styloid, stylohyoid
Muscles of facial expression: stapedius, stylohoid
CNVII
3rd branchial arch
Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid
Stylopharyngeus muscle
CNIX
congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula: persistence of cleft and pouch with fistula between tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck
4th-6th branchial arches
Cartilages:thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
4th-pharyngeal constrictors
6th- intrinsic muscles of larynx
CNX
4-superior laryngeal branch- swallow
6- recurrent laryngeal branch-speak
1st branchial pouch
middle ear, eustachian tube, mastoid cells
2nd branchial pouch
palantine tonsil epithelial lining
3rd branchial pouch
thymus and inferior parathyroid
4th branchial pouch
superior parathyroids
Ovaries/testes lymph drainage
para-aortic lymph nodes
distal 1/3 of vagina/vulva/scrotum lymph drainage
superficial inguinal nodes
proximal 2/3 of vagina/uterus
obturator, external iliac, hypogastric nodes
Oligomenorrhea
> 35 day cycle
Polymenorrhea
<21 day cycle
Metrorrhagia
frequent but irregular menstruation
Menometrorrhagia
Heavy, irregular menstruation at irregular heavy intervals
Potency of estrogens
Estradiol > estrone > estriol
Decreased inhibin, Increased FSH
Klinefelters, dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules
Decreased testosterone, Increased LH,Estrogen
Klinefelters with abnormal leydig cell dysfunction
Decreased estrogen, increased FSH,LH
Turner sydrome. Decreased in estrogen production leads to disregulation of LH and FSH
Increased Testosterone and LH
Defective androgen receptor, Androgen insensitivity syndrome. Also increased estrogen
Increased testosterone and decreased LH
testosterone tumor
decreased testosterone and increased LH
Klinefelters, primary hypogonadism
Decreased testosterone and LH
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Normal testosterone/estrogen, LH normal or Increased
5a reductase deficiency
decreased GnRH,FSH,LH, testosterone and sperm count
Kallmann syndrome due to defective migration of GnRH cells
Increased LH, decreased FSH, Increased testosterone, Increased estrogen
PCOS