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Path > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Holocrine secretion of sebum. Hair follicle

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2
Q

Eccrine gland

A

Sweat, Everywhere

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3
Q

Apocrine gland

A

Milky viscious fluid found in axillae, genitalia and areolae. No function until puberty, malodorous due to bacteria,

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4
Q

Pudendal nerve block

A

ischial spine(relieve pain of delivery)

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5
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

iliac crest

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6
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus(abduction)- most common
Infraspinatus(laterally rotates)-pitching injury
Teres Minor- adducts and laterally rotates
Subscapularis- medially rotates and adducts

c5-c6

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7
Q

Dislocation of lunate

A

Median nerve injury

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8
Q

Axillary nerve injury

A

surgical neck of humerus

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9
Q

Radial nerve injury

A

fracture of midshaft of humerus

compressed in axilla via crutch use

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10
Q

Ulnar nerve injury

A

medical epicondyle fracture, fracture of hook of hamate

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11
Q

Median nerve injury

A

dislocation of lunate and carpal tunnel syndrome

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12
Q

Long thoracic nerve injury

A

injury to serratus anterior. C5-c7 lesion. injured via mastectomy. Winged scapula.

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13
Q

Axillary nerve(C5,C6)

A

Deltoid arm abduction.

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14
Q

Radial(c5-t1)

A 
BEST extensors
Brachioradialis
Extensors of wrist and fingers
Supinator
Triceps

Wrist drop

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15
Q

Median nerve(c5-T1)

A

loss of opposition of thumb, lateral finger flexion, wrist flexion. Ape/pope hand

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16
Q

Ulnar(c8-t1)

A

Wrist flexion and medial finger flexion lost. Ulnar claw. Radial deviation of wrist upon flexion

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17
Q

Musculocutaneous

A

Biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis. Loss of flexion at elbow.

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18
Q

Erb Duchenne, Waiters tip

A

Tear of C5-c6, seen in delivery of baby w/ trauma.

Paralysis of abductors, medially rotated, forearm pronated

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19
Q

Klumpke’s palsy

A

C8-T1. Thoracic outlet syndrome, cervical rib compression.

Atrophy of thenar/hypothenar eminences
Atrophy of interosseous muscles
sensory lows on medial side of forearm and hand
disappearance of radial pulse upon moving head to ipsilateral side.

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20
Q

Clawing

A

Loss of lumbricals which flex at MCP joints and extend both DIP and PIP joints

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21
Q

Median claw

A

carpal tunnel or dislocated lunate

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22
Q

popes blessing/ape hand

A

proximal median nerve lesion

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23
Q

Obturator

A

L2-L4. Anterior hip dislocation injury lesion. Loss of thigh adduction and medial thigh sensory defect

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24
Q

Femoral

A

L2-L4 Pelvic fracture. Lesion causes thigh flexion and leg extension deficit. Loss of sensory of anterior thigh and middle leg

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25
Q

Common Peroneal

A

L4-S2. Fibula fracture or compression of lateral leg. Lesions causes foot eversion dorsiflexion. Sensory defect of anterolateral leg and dorsal of foot

PED- Peroneal Everts and dorsiflexes (with injury thus FOOT DROP)

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26
Q

Tibial

A

L4-S3. Knee trauma. Causes foot inversion and plantarflexion. Loss of sensory on sole of foot.

TIP- tibial inverts and plantarflexes

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27
Q

Superal gluteal

A

L4-L1. Due to posterior hip dislocation or polio. Thigh abduction lost. Positive trendelenburg sign, contralateral hip drop

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28
Q

Inferior gluteal

A

L5-s2. posterior hip dislocation. cant jump, climb stairs, or rise from seated position.

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29
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Pathologic fractures, hearing loss, blue sclera

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30
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Normal-sized head and vertebral column, shortened arms and legs, normal growth hormone and IGF1 levels.

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31
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Pathologic fractures, anemia (replaceent of marrow cavity), cranial nerve compression w/ visual and hearing loss

32
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Most often in metaphysis. Most often due to Staph aureus 90%.
In sickle cell patients due to salmonella paratyphi.
Fever, bone pain

33
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of mineralized bone and organic bone matrix.

Compression fractures of vertebral bodies
Colles’ fracture of distal radius
Dowager’s hump

34
Q

Osteochondroma

A

Males 10-30 yr. solitary/multiple. Metaphysis. Outgrowth of bone capped by benign cartliage. Most common benign

35
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Males 30-60 in pelvic or femur. Metastasis to lungs. Located in the medullary cavity

36
Q

Osteoma

A

Males, facial bones. Gardner syndrome assoc.

37
Q

Giant cell tumor

A

females 20-40yr. epihysis of distal femur or proximal tibia. Reactive multinucleated osteoclasts. Double bubble/soap bubble appearance

38
Q

Ewing Sarcoma

A

males 10-20. diaphysis of long bones, pelvis, ribs. Small round cell tumor, anaplastic small blue cell. Onion skin appearance. T11:22 translocation. Early metastasis

39
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma

A

males 10-25. Metaphysis of distal femur. Pagets disease and Rb are risk factors. Codmans triangle from periosteum. Aggressive. Metastasizes to lung.

40
Q

Pagets disease

A

Bone pain, headaches, hearing/vision loss, increased hat size. Serum calcium, phosphorus and PTH are normal. Increased AVM leading to high output cardiac failure. Increased risk of osteogenic sarcoma

41
Q

polyostotic Fibrous dysplasia

A

defect in osteoblastic differentiation and maturation. Medullary bone replaced with fibroblasts, collagen and irregular bony trabeculae. Ribs most common. McCune Albright syndrome: cafe au lait spot and precocious puberty.

42
Q

Diseases with morning stiffness

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, Polymyalgia rheumatica, systemic lupus erythematous.

43
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

Common fracture when falling on outstretched hand. Fracture of distal radius with or without fracture of ulnar styloid.

44
Q

Rotator cuff tear

A

pain/weakness with shoulder abduction

45
Q

Tennis elbow

A

pain with lateral epicondyle. pain when gripping something

46
Q

Golfers elbow

A

pain where the flexor muscles insert near the medial epicondyle. Pain flexing hand muscles and supinating the arm

47
Q

Infectious arthritis

A

Most common cause is Staph aureus. also can be caused by N. gonorrhoeae, lyme disease. Affected joint is swollen red and painful. STD= synovitis, tenosynovitis, dermatitis.

48
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Defective osteoclasts due to mutation in carbonic anhydrase II. Failure to reabsorb bones leads to thickened dense bone prone to fracture. Bone fills marrow space causing pancytopenia, extramedullary hematapoiesis. Can affect vision and hearing

Increased ALP, decreased Calcium

49
Q

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

A

brown tumors of hyperarathyroidism

increased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased ALP and increased PTH

50
Q

Most common metastasis to bone

A

Breast

51
Q

Infectious arthritis

A

S.Aureus, Streptococcus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonorrhea STD= synovitis, tenosynovitis, dermatitis.

52
Q

Psoriatic arthritis

A

Joint pain and stiffness associated with psoriasis. Asymmetric and patchy involvement. Sausage fingers, pencil in cup deformity on xray

53
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of spine and sacroiliac joints causing ankylosis(stiff spine,bamboo spine) uveitis and aortic regurgitation. Often associated with IBD

54
Q

Reactive arthritis (Reiter’s syndrome)

A

Conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis

Cant see, cant pee, cant climb a tree

Post GI or chlamydia infection

55
Q

SLE

A

IM DAMN SHARP

Immunoglobulines(anti dsDNA, anti-SM, anti-ANA)
Malar rash(facial rash)
Discoid rash
Antinuclear antibody
Mucositis(oropharyngeal ulcers)
Neurologic disorders
Serositis(pericarditis, pleuritis)
Hematologic disorders
Arthritis
Renal disorders
Photosensitivity
56
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

Noncaseating granulomas, elevated ACE, black females. Bilateral hilar adenopathy. Restrictive lung disease, erythema nodosum, Bells palsy, Granulomas with schaumann and asteroid bodies. Hypercalcemia

Treat with steroids.

57
Q

Polymyalgia Rheumatic

A

pain and stiffness in shoulders in hips w/ fever malaise and weight loss. NO muscular weakness. Women >50. Associated with temporal giant cell arthritis. Increased ESR.

58
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

women 20-50. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain associated with stiffness, parathesia, poor sleep and fatigue.

59
Q

Polymyositis

A

symmetrical proximal muscle weakness characterized by endomysial inflammation with CD8+ T cells. Shoulders.

Positive anti-Jo-1

60
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

symmetrical proximal muscle weakness characterized by endomysial inflammation with CD8+ T cells. Shoulders. Also involves malar rash, gottrons papules or heliotrope rash. Perimysial inflammation and atrophy with CD4+ cells
Increased risk of malignacy

Positive anti-Jo-1

61
Q

Scleroderma

A

Excessive fibrosis and collagen deposition. Absence of wrinkles. 75% females.

Diffuse Scleroderma- widespread skin involvement, rapid progression, Anti-scl-70 topoisomerase I

CREST
Calcinosis
Raynauds
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodatyly
Telangiectasia
*limited skin involvement, more benign, anticentromere antibody.
62
Q

Albinism

A

Decreased melanin production due to decreased tyrosinase activity. Normal melanocytes.

63
Q

Melasma

A

hyperpigmentation associated with pregnancy

64
Q

Vitiligo

A

Irregular complete depigmentation. Decreased number of melanocytes.

65
Q

Verrucae

A

Warts, HPV. Epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, koilocytosis. Condyloma acuminatum on genetalia

66
Q

Melanocytic nevus

A

Common mole, benign. Intradermal nevi are papular, junction nevi are flat.

67
Q

Urticaria

A

Hies, pruritic wheals that form after mast cell degranulation

68
Q

Ephelis

A

Freckle. Normal melanocyte number, increased melanin pigment

69
Q

Atopic dermatitis, eczema

A

pruritic eruption commonly on skin flexure. Associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Starts on face in infancy and appears in cubital fossa therafter.

Type I HSR

70
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis

A

Type IV HSR. lesion at site of contact

nickel, poison ivy, neomycin

71
Q

Psorias

A

papule and plaques with silery scaling especially on knees and elbows. Acanthosis with parakeratotic scaling. Increased stratum spinosum, decreased granulosum. Auspitz sign of pinpoint bleeding from exposure of dermal papillae. Associated with Arthritis, possibly HLA, possibly autoimmune.

72
Q

Seborrheic keratosis

A

flat greasy pigmented squamous epithelial proliferation with keratin filled cysts Looks stuck on. In leser trelat sign, multiple seborrheic keratosis indicates underlying malignancy.

73
Q

Erythema multiform

A

Associated with infections(mycoplasma, HSV), drugs (sulfa, B-lactams, phenytoin) and cancer/autoimmune.

Presents with multiple types of lesions: macules, papules, vesicles, target lesions.

74
Q

Steven Johnson syndrome

A

Fever, bulla formation and necrosis, sloughing of skin and high mortality rate. Typically 2 mucus membranes are involved and skin lesions may appear like targets as seen in erythema myltiforme.

Adverse Drug Rx

More severe form is toxic epidermal necrolysis covering >30% of body surface.

75
Q

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

A

Bone is replaced by fibroblasts, collagen and irregular bony trabeculae. McCune-Albright syndrome is a form of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia characterized by multiple unilateral bone lesions associated with endocrine abnormalities(precocious puberty) and cafe-au-lait spots.

76
Q

McCune-Albright syndrome

A

form of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia characterized by multiple unilateral bone lesions associated with endocrine abnormalities(precocious puberty) and cafe-au-lait spots.

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