REPRODUCTIVE Flashcards
sertoli cells produce -? in response to raised FSH from ant pit
inhibin
inhibin doesnt feed back on hypothalamus
undescended testes in the inguinal canal must be pulled through what fascia during orchoplexy
external abdominal oblique asponeurosis (superficial inguinal ring)
tender vesicular lesions
systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue)
pruritis
painful inguinal lymphadenopathy
primary genital herpes infection
genital rash progresses to ulcers - crusty, pruritic, painful
can lay dormant and be reactivated from DRG
HPV increases risk of
cervical and vulvar carcinoma
clear cell carcinoma (RCC) originates from
epithelial cells of proximal renal tubules
common metastatic sites of RCC
lung (cannonball)
bone (osteolytic)
anaerobic, flagellated protozoan
pruritus, dysuria, dyspareunia
cervical erythema
green, frothy, and malodorous discharge
Vaginal pH >4.5
trichomoas vaginalis
motile trichomonads on wet mount
shift of vaginal flora
gram variable, facultative anaerobe
gray, thin, malodorous vaginal discharge
vulvovaginal pruritus
Vaginal pH >4.5
fishy odor on KOH testing
**clue cells **
Gardnerella vaginalis
(bacterial vaginosis)
clue cells on wet mount preparation is diagnostic
Metronidazole
inflammation with dilation
subareolar ducts
multiparous postmenopausal women
periareolar mass
nipple discharge (green-brown)
chronic inflammation + plasma cells
mammary duct ectasia
lipids within duct
blocked duct - nodular
lipid laden macrophages
non-malignant itself
post-partum haemorrhage
retained products conception
prior cesarean, uterine surgery
increased maternal age, multiparity
hysterectomy
or previous placenta previa
placenta accreta
placental attachment myometrium
Abnormal invasion of trophoblastic tissue into
uterine wall
Placenta accreta— attaches myometrium
Placenta increta— into myometrium
Placenta percreta—complete myometrium
Tx: cesarean 34weeks + hysterectomy (depending on extent)
vaginal bleeding
severe uterine pain
tetanic contractions
third trimester
lower abdominal trauma
smoking
cocain use
abruptio placentae
what happens to the coagulative state in pregnancy
prothrombotic
increased fibrinogen
decreased protein S
decreased fibrinolysis
STIs affecting external geinitalia or distal vagina (ie. herpes, syphilitic chancres, chancroid, HPV warts on vulva/penis) drain to
superficial inguinal LN
Deep pelvic infections (ie. cervicitis, urethritis) drain to
internal iliac LN
common cause of cervicitis
chlamydia trichomatis
neisseria gonorrhoea
Trichomonas vaginalis
HSV (less common, painful ulcers)
acute cervicitis can progress to cause
PID
tubal factor infertility (ectopic pregnancy)
most common cause of cervical cancer
HPV infection (16, 18)
Risk factors:
Early sexual activity
Multiple partners
Smoking
Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV)
testicular artery is being ligated for AAA repair. What artery will maintain adequate supply to left testes?
ductus deferens artery
contents of suspensory ligament of ovary
infundibulopelvic ligament
ovarian artery
overian vein
ovarian autonomic nerves (SNS, PNS, visceral)
lymphatic vessels - to paraortic LN
attaches ovary to lateral pelvic wall
uterine tube is also known as
fallopian tube
site of ectopic pregnancy
small, early ectopic prgnancies can be managed with
methotrexate
may require salpingectomy or evacuation with laproscopy - larger pregnancy cases
muscles involved in erection
Pelvic Splanchnic (S2-S4): PNS
Pudendal (S2-S4): Somatic
Sympathetic Nerve (T10-L2) detumescence (return to flaccidity)
Pelvic Nerve (S2-S4): initiation of erection - vasodilation via NO
Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4): sensation and contraction of musclesmaintaining erection - ischiocavernosus / bulbocavernosus
- pelvic splanchnic more likely injured with disruption to prostate region
- pudendal located posterior rectum, less likely injured
what changes are seen in pregnancy
CO
O2 demand
minute ventilation
increased CO
increased O2 demand
increased minute ventilation
increased minute ventilation (respirations) in pregnancy is the result of
progesterone causing chemoreceptor CO2 sensitivity
–>
respiratory compesation for foetal metabolic CO2 production
co2 produced from foetus travels through umbilical artery - across placental membrane - into maternal circulation
increases co2 in maternal circulation - expired into atmosphere
= increased minute ventilation
