Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BSIC > CARDIOLOGY > Flashcards

CARDIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what technique can be used acutely to halt paroxsysmal supraventroicular tachycardia?

A

carotid massage
cold water immersion
valsalva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nitrates cause vasodilation in arteries and veins < = > ?

A

veins > arteries
(decrease preload)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hydralazine causes vasodilation veins, arterioles < = >

A

Arterioles > veins
(decreased afterload)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nitroprussides cause vasodilation veins, arteries < = >

A

veins = arteries
(cyanide toxicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what’s the pentad (5) of Kawasaki disease

A

C – Conjunctivitis (bilateral, non-purulent)
R – Rash (polymorphous)
A – Adenopathy (LN cervical, usually unilateral)
S – Strawberry tongue (oral mucosal changes, mucolitis)
**H **- Hands and feet changes (edema, erythema, desquamation).

**“Burn” **– Fever lasting ≥5 days

coronary artery aneurysms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

symptoms of measles

A

coryza
cough
conjunctivitis
koplik spots
erythematous rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

whats a complication of mononucleosus

A

splenic rupture
(avoid sport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

list derivates of aortic arches 1-6

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What condition are these seen in (cardiac muscle)

A

ashcoff bodies - acute rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the genetic inheritence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

autosomal dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What feature does this ECG show

A

WPW
‘delta’ wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What arrythmia does this describe:
short PR <120
slurred broad upstroke QRS
QRS widening
+/- ST / T wave changes

A

WPW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a common origin trigger of A fib

A

pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

plasma volume rises OR falls at altitude

A

falls

decreased renal bicarbonate & water reabsorption compensating for respiratory alkalosis,
fluid shift from the intravascular to ICS, IS spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

triad of aortic stenosis

A

SAD
syncope
angina
dyspnoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

healthy pregnant person, what’s the cause of systolic ejection murmur

A

dilated cardiomyopathy
increased SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what murmur is heard with ToF (tetralogy of fallot)

A

holosystolic

(underlying VSD)

R-L shunt (cyanosis) in infancy
squatting helps

pulmonary infundibular stenosis
overriding aorta
ventral septal defect
right ventricular hypertophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what murmur is heard in ASD

A

fixed wide split S2
low grade ejection murmur

delays closure pulmonic valve

A2——P2
volume overload R atrium/ventricle

might see
failure to thrive
systolic murmur
increased pulmonic flow - fixed wide split S2
hypertrophy right atrum, ventricle, pulmonary arteries (R overload, R-L shunt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

use of ACEi and accumulation of bradykinin can cause

AE

A

angioedema

nonproductive cough - bradykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

effect of ACE on bradykinin

A

ACE degreades bradykinin

ACEi prevents this degradation –> bradykinin levels increase

contributes to vasodilation –> lowers BP
bradykinin can cause persistant non-productive cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

AV fistula is a connection between

A

artery and vein

bypasses capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

increased venous return
increased HR, CO
increased myocardial O2 demand
thrill
bruit

A

AV fistula

(high out put heart failure)

congenital or aquired (i.e. put in for dialysis

increased VR to heart
increased HR, CO (High output)
increases myocardial O2 demand
decompensates –> HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

increased JVP
peripheral oedema
congestive hepatopathy or ascites
RHF

A

constrictive pericarditis

RHF

impaired diastolic filling
4 chambers equal pressures

dont confuse with cirrhosis - less likely JVP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hypervolemia
peripheral oedema
pulmonary oedema
pleural effusions
ascites
RHF

A

cirrhosis

dont confuse with constictive pericarditis (increased JVP)

JVP rarely in cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
localised hypokinesis on echocardiogram can indicate
flow limiting **stenosis** of a coronary artery
26
RCA gives rise to:
PDA R marginal branch AV & SA node | sinoatrial nodal artery
27
LCA gives rise to:
LAD L circumflex L Marginal L Diagnonal
28
LV apex dysfunction apical ballooning reduced LVEF
Takotubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) | disruption to SNS nerves of LV (**increased SNS stim**) ## Footnote 'stress induced cardiomyopathy' octopus trap can mimic MI s/s
29
dyspnoea orthopnoea fatigue | are common symptoms of
heart failure | signs: S3 sound, rales, jvp, pitting oedema
30
list 3 occurences of **L**HF
pulmonary oedema orthopnoea paroxysmal noctoural dypnoea ## Footnote hemosiderin laden macrophages (HF cells) RAAS activation (poor anterograde flow)
31
list 3 occurences of RHF
JVP increased cardiac cirrhosis LL pitting oedema ## Footnote nutmeg liver - central vein congestion cor pulmonale (isolated RHF - from lung disease)
32
cause of cor pulmonale
isolated RHF (pulmonary cause) ## Footnote **lung disease -->** **hypoxia** -> vessel constriction -> RH can't pump against pressure
33
increased EDV decreased contractility 2' to ischaemia/MI/dilated cardio
**systolic** dysfunction **reduced** ejection fraction HF
34
normal EDV decreased compliance (increased EDP) 2' to myocardial hypertrophy
**diastolic** dysfunction **preserved** ejection fraction HF
35
Dyspnoea Cough Tachypnoea Chest tightness Fatigue or reduced exercise tolerance ## Footnote heart condition
**cardiogenic pulmonary oedema** (HF) *Bilateral perihilar shadowing (batwing) Kerley B lines (interstitial oedema) Cardiomegaly (chronic heart failure) Upper lobe venous diversion Pleural effusions Increased vascular markings Alveolar oedema (fluffy, ill-defined opacities)*
36
ST segment **depression** in angina caused by ischaemia to what location
**subendocardial** ischaemia | stable and unstable angina
37
ST segment **elevation** in angina caused by ischaemia to what location
**transmural** ischaemia | prinzmetal angina
38
list causes of MI (4)
rupture atherosclerotic plaque (thrombosis) coronary artery vasospasm emboli vasculitis (Kawasaki disease) | **kawasaki** -> coronary aneurysm -> turbulent flow -> thrombosis
39
heart failure can cause transudate or exudate pleural effusion - characterised by _\_\_ protein and _\_\_ LDH
transudative low low
40
heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome are examples of _\_\_ effusions
transudative effusion | lights criteria not met
41
pneumonia, malignancy, TB, rheumatologic diease are examples of _\_\_ effusions
exudative effusion ## Footnote lights criteria met
42
what peptides inhibit RAAS, promote peripheral vasodilation
BNP, ANP
43
neprilysin is a _\_\_
metalloprotease inhibitor | neprilysin breaks down ANP, BNP ## Footnote *metalloprotinase: break down proteins, particularly those found in the extracellular matrix (ECM)*
44
neprilysin inhibitors given as a treatment in _\_\_ to enhance _\_\_ function
heart failure ANP, BNP | activate GMP diuresis vasodilation ## Footnote i.e. sacubitril
45
ANP and BNP are released from
cardiomyocytes | in response to stretching ## Footnote BNP (left vetrincle) ANP (atria)
46
what factors increase peripheral oedema
increased capillary **HSP** decreased plasma **oncotic** pressure impaired **lymphatic** drainage ## Footnote i.e. copd --> increased pulmonary vasoconstriction -->increased PAP --> RHF (cor pulmonale)
47
ectatic aorta
enlarged/dilated aorta (aneurysm like) | commonly occurs below renal vein (near SMA, IMA)
48
Beck triad is a finding of
**cardiac tamponade** (hypotension, distended neck veins, distant heart sounds),
49
male abdo pain HTN family history - similar s/s or sudden collapse smoker hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerotic disease pulsatile abdominal mass
AAA | often **infrarenal** AA ## Footnote hepatomegaly - can present similarly: but no pulsatile mass and hepatitis, liver failure, portal THn or cirrhosis rupture: back pain, tachycardia, hypotension
50
name 2 causes of congenital long QT syndrome
romano-ward (AD) - no deafness jervell and lange-neilsen (AR) - deafness | risk of: arrythmias, syncope, sudden cardiac death ## Footnote Romano-Ward syndrome—autosomal **dominant**, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness). Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome—autosomal **recessive**, **sensorineural deafness.**
51
long QT syndrome is a disorder of
**prolonged** ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation | i.e. methadone known to cause this ## Footnote congenital: romano-ward (AD) jervell and lange-neilsen (AR) - deafness
52
m/c cause of aortic stenosis in <65yo
bicuspid aortic valve or chronic rheumatic heart disease | calcification m/c older patients ## Footnote bicuspid and rheuatic HD cause early onset aortic stenosis
53
m/c cause aortic stenosis in patients >65yo
calcification aortic valve ## Footnote younger patients m/c bicuspid valve or rheumatic heart disease = cause of early aortic stenosis
54
hypotension cool / pale extremities jugular venous distension pulmonary oedema | type of shock
cardiogenic shock ## Footnote AMI, valvular disease, HF, heart block, arrythmia decreased CO increased PCWP SVR increased *Hypotension (BP 70/40 mmHg) and Tachycardia (HR 128/min) → Suggests shock. Cool, pale extremities and faint peripheral pulses → Indicates poor perfusion due to low cardiac output. Jugular venous distention (JVD) → Suggests elevated central venous pressure (CVP), which is seen in cardiogenic and obstructive shock. Bibasilar crackles in the lungs → Indicates pulmonary congestion/edema, suggesting left ventricular failure. No murmurs → Likely excludes acute valvular dysfunction.**
55
what would happen in a normal heart with a cardiac output 5L/min and RAP 0mmHg when a large AV fistula opens?
**(D)** large shunt of blood artery to vein increased PL = increased CO + RAP
56
altitude carbonic anhydrase inhibitor tachycardia orthostatic hypotension decreased skin turgor | signs of
hypovolemia ## Footnote CAI's can prevent altitude sickness - decreased HCO3 reabsorption (cause metabolic acidosis)- excretion HO3- (met alk results from hyperventilation) - CAI tx *orthostatic hypertension from blocking reflexive vasoconstrictoin - a, b adrenergic blockers - block SNS activity (baroreceptors)*
57
what congenital heart defect ## Footnote systolic ejection murmur over left sternal border right ventricular hypertorphy
ASD (primum in trisomy 21) | common: osteum secundum ## Footnote L to R shunt volume overload right atrium/ventricle mixing o2 and CO2 blood - higher sat in right side fixed split S2 low grade ejection murmur prominent right ventricular impulse risk of RBBB increased caliber pulmonary artery prominent pulmonary vascular markings risk of eisenmenger syndrome- shunt reversal Right-sided heart structures (RA, RV, PA) have ~70% oxygen saturation. Left-sided heart structures (LA, LV, Aorta) have ~98% oxygen saturation.
58
fixed split S2 low grade ejection murmur prominent right ventricular impulse | congenital heart defect
ASD ## Footnote Right-sided heart structures (RA, RV, PA) have ~70% oxygen saturation. Left-sided heart structures (LA, LV, Aorta) have ~98% oxygen saturation.
59
inheritence risk of VSD
2-3% | do not follow mendelian inheritence (punnet square) ## Footnote genetic cause in heterogenous one parent has it assoc with: Down, digeorge holt-oram
60
what do ARBs block
ATII | angiotension II receptor blocker (ARB)
61
what effect do ARBs have on ACE/bradykinin
none no effect on ACE tf; no effect on bradykinin
62
concentral left ventricular hypertrophy can lead to _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
hypertensive heart disease | impaired DIASTOLIC filling HFpEF
63
**uniform** transervse thickening of cardiomyocytes with prominent hyperhcormatic nuclei and interstitial fibrosis | describes what cardiac condition
concentric left ventricular hypertrophy | chronic pressure overload - i.e. **HTN, stenosis** (by increased AL) ## Footnote no sarcomere diarray parallel sarcomere vs **HCM: **hyertrophic cardiomyopathy: **Asymmetric** hypertrophy, usually affecting the interventricular septum more than the free wall. Caused by **sarcomere protein mutations.** Features myofiber disarray and interstitial fibrosis. **both cause DIASTOLIC dysfunction HFpEF**
64
cause of concentric LV hypertrophy
HTN stenosis | uniform hypertrophy
65
cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
sarcomere protein mutation | **localised** assymetric hypertrophy **cardiomyocyte disarray**
66
PRA (plasma renin activity) measures
amount of angiotensin I generated / unit time | normal = 1.0-4.0 ## Footnote PRA will be increased with: low sodium intake antihypertensives i.e. diuretics, ACE, ARBs
67
what happens to SVR in hyperthyroidism
decreases (**vasodilatory** effect of thyroid hormone) | increased metabolic demand ## Footnote SNS-like effect of thyroid hormone increased HR, CONTRACTILLITY, CO, SV, PP, SYSTOLIC BP systolic and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure increase (O2 demand)
68
MOA digoxin
inhibit Na/K ATPase | = **decreased** Na efflux = **increaced** intracellular Na levels ## Footnote slows transmembrane Na/Ca exchanger = **increased** Ca concentration - iproved contractility positive ionotropic agent
69
pink acellular material in alveoli
pulmonary oedema
70
alcohol is a risk factor for what cardiomyopathy
dilated ## Footnote chronic alcohol --> dlated CM --> decompensation --> increased alveolar capillary hydrostatic pressure --> pulmonary congestion + acute resp failure
71
alcoholic & aspiration causes
acute pneumonia | not pulmonary oedema ## Footnote neutrophil rich inflammatory exudates within bronchioloes & alveolar spaces
72
which point is mitral stenosis
C ## Footnote loud first heart sound early diastolic opening snap after second HS low pitched diastolic rumble heard cardiac apex
73
which point is mitral stenosis
D
74
blowing holosystolic murmur heard at cardiac apex radiates to axilla
mitral regurditation ## Footnote seen in rheumatic fever Mitral regurg & stenosis) m/c/ latin american, africa, asia regurg --> scarring --> stenosis 5/10yrs later
75

BSIC (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions