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Pathology II > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Benign enlargement of the prostate
of unknown cause. Related to a
disturbance of hormone secretions
that occurs as the period of
reproductive activity declines.

A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

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2
Q

Sx:
* Stopping/starting of urination
* Frequency
* Inability to completely empty bladder
* Infection (Cystitis)
* Hydronephrosis

A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

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3
Q
  • Transrectal US: gland enlargement
  • IVU:
    o Smooth elevation of bladder floor
    o “Fishhook” appearance of distal ureters
  • MR/ CT: Demonstrate hyperplastic changes
A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

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4
Q

Affects men over 60.

A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

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5
Q

Tx:
* Heat (reduce inflammation)
* Medications
* Surgery – TURP transurethral resection of the prostate

A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

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6
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

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7
Q

Sx:
* Urinary tract obstruction
* Enlarged prostate
* Low back pain

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

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8
Q
  • Transrectal US: Preferred method of Dx, mass
  • IVU: Irregular elevation of bladder floor
  • MRI/ CT: Staging the disease
A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

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9
Q

Tx:
* Surgical removal (prostatectomy)
* Radiation therapy (Seeding)
* Hormonal therapy

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

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10
Q

2nd most common malignancy in men. 3rd leading cause of death in men.

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

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11
Q

70% found in peripheral zone

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

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12
Q

Congenital condition of undescended testes

A

Cryptorchidism

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13
Q
  • US – locate the testicle
  • CT/MRI – may also be used to locate the testis
A

Cryptorchidism

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14
Q

Tx:
* Surgical fixation - orchiopexy★
* Removal - orchiectomy★

A

Cryptorchidism

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15
Q

Usually corrects itself w/i 4 months. Can lead to fertility issues & malignancies 40x higher. Most common birth defect of male genitalia.

A

Cryptorchidism

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16
Q

Twisting of the testicle, which leads to impaired circulation.

A

Testicular Torsion

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17
Q

Sx:
* Swelling
* Pain
* Sudden sever onset

A

Testicular Torsion

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18
Q

Doppler US demonstrates: Blood flow to the organ

A

Testicular Torsion

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19
Q

Can Cause tissue death & shrinkage. Caused by injury, vigorous activity, random occurrence.

A

Testicular Torsion

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19
Q

Immediate surgery – waiting can lead to removal or infertility.

A

Testicular Torsion

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20
Q

localized malignant testicular tumor originating in the seminiferous tubules.

A

Testicular seminoma (45%):

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21
Q

malignant neoplasm that arises from germ cells that are composed of various tissues. “Tumorous Monster” Made of germ cells(can have teeth, hair, bones, eyes)

A

Testicular teratoma (55%):

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22
Q

Sx:
* Lump
* Pain
* Swelling

A

Testicular tumor/mass

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23
Q

hypoechoic mass, w/o calcifications (very dark)

A

Seminoma

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24
Q

Inhomogeneous mass, w/ calcifications – ★like seeing teeth★ (appear lighter

A

Teratoma

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25
Q
  • Surgical Removal
  • Radiation Therapy
A

Testicular Tumors/ Masses

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26
Q

Paired uterine horns that extend to the fallopian tube

A

Bicornuate uterus

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27
Q

Uterine cavity is elongated, w/ a single fallopian tube

A

Unicornuate uterus

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28
Q

complete duplication of the uterus, cervix & vagina (Very rare)

A

Uterus didelphys

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29
Q

Bacterial infection of the female genital system, usually the fallopian tubes. Usually caused by gonococcus, streptococcus, or staphylococcus

A

PID

30
Q

Sx:
* Pelvic pain/tenderness
* Guarding
* Fever
* Chills
* N/V
* Discharge

A

PID

31
Q
  • US (transabdominal)- modality of choice
    o 1. thickened endometrium
    o 2. pyosalpinx or hydrosalpinx
    o 3. ovarian abscesses
  • HSG – demonstrates the patency of the fallopian tubes (10-15cc oil-based iodinated )
A

PID

32
Q

Tx:
* Antibiotic therapy
* Abstinence
* Surgery

A

PID

33
Q

Affects women 20-24 caused by IUD complications, multiple partners. Can cause fibrous adhesions that can cause infertility.

A

PID

34
Q

Simple cyst. Small fluid filled sac.

A

Ovarian Cysts

35
Q

follicular sac does not break open (continues to grow – gets large)

A

Follicular Ovarian cyst

36
Q

after egg is released, the sac doesn’t dissolve (continues to produce progesterone)

A

Corpus luteum ovarian cyst

37
Q

Sx:
* Abdominal pain/pressure

A

Ovarian Cysts

38
Q
  • Best visualized w/ US, MRI & CT
    o Appear as oval masses.
A

Ovarian Cysts

39
Q
  • Generally none needed
  • Surgical removal if needed
A

Ovarian Cysts

40
Q

Benign smooth muscle tumors. Growth of the tumors is stimulated by estrogen.

A

Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)

41
Q

Sx:
* Uterine enlargement
* ↓B/P
* Pressure
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Pain

A

Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)

42
Q
  • XR – mottled calcifications
  • US – hypoechoic solid mass
  • CT, MRI – confirm the Dx
A

Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)

43
Q
  • Generally none
  • Surgical removal if necessary – causing pain or putting pressure on other things
A

Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)

44
Q

Can get large during reproductive years. During menopause, they shrink since estrogen isn’t being produced

A

Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)

45
Q

AKA adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (inner layer). Common malignancy of the uterus. Development is highly correlated w/ hormonal changes (menopause) & is usually preceded by endometrial hyperplasia.

A

Endometrial Carcinoma

46
Q

Sx:
* Irregular/postmenopausal bleeding

A

Endometrial Carcinoma

47
Q
  • CT/ MRI – used for staging
A

Endometrial Carcinoma

48
Q
  • Varies by stage
    o Stage 1 contained w/i uterus – do hysterectomy
A

Endometrial Carcinoma

49
Q

Presence of normal-appearing endometrium in areas other than the normal location.

A

Endometriosis

50
Q

Sx:
* Pain
* Dysmenorrhea
* Intermittent constipation/diarrhea
* Infertility

A

Endometriosis

51
Q
  • US – used to diagnose. Seen as a mass.
A

Endometriosis

52
Q
  • Hormones to suppress menstrual cycle.
  • Surgery for lesions or hysterectomy – usually comes back.
A

Endometriosis

53
Q

Exploratory to determine prognosis, surgery

A

Endometriosis

54
Q

Malignant neoplasm of the cervix

A

Cervical Carcinoma

55
Q

Sx:
* Bleeding

A

Cervical Carcinoma

56
Q
  • CT/ MRI – used for diagnosis & staging. ★MRI is superior to CT
A

Cervical Carcinoma

57
Q
  • Surgery
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemo
A

Cervical Carcinoma

58
Q

Associated w/ HPV. Pap smear

A

Cervical Carcinoma

59
Q

Most common malignancy among women. Most are classified as infiltrating duct carcinomas of the upper, lateral quadrant.

A

Carcinoma of the Breast

60
Q
  • Lump/mass. When tumor is large enough to be palpable, it has usually spread to nearest lymph nodes or bloodstream.
  • Advanced signs:
    o breast distortion
    o nipple retraction
A

Carcinoma of the Breast

61
Q
  • Mammo – dense, irregular masses, may demonstrate clustered calcifications
  • US – differentiate between a cystic & solid mass
  • MRI – may also be used to diagnose breast cancer
A

Carcinoma of the Breast

62
Q
  • Chemotherapy
  • Surgical removal
  • Radiation therapy
A

Carcinoma of the Breast

63
Q

Overgrowth of fibrous tissue of the breast.

A

Fibrocystic Breasts

64
Q
  • ↑ in size or tenderness of a mass
A

Fibrocystic Breasts

65
Q
  • Mammo/US – used to differentiate a solid from a cystic mass.
A

Fibrocystic Breasts

66
Q

Occurs in 60-75% of women.

A

Fibrocystic Breasts

67
Q

Too little amniotic fluid is present. ★ Can cause growth defects

A

Oligohydramnios

68
Q

Excess amniotic fluid is present. Can cause birth defects

A

Polyhydramnios

69
Q

Development of the embryo outside the uterine cavity. ★ Most 95% is in fallopian tube. Can cause hemorrhaging & emergent internal bleeding.

A

Ectopic pregnancy

70
Q

Implantation of the placenta leaves part or all of the cervical is covered. Leads to C-section & can cause a lot of bleeding,

A

Placental previa

71
Q

The placenta may separate from the uterus. Caused by smoking, drinking, drugs. Happens around 25 weeks.

A

Placental abruption

72
Q

The placenta extends into the myometrium. Doesn’t separate during delivery – surgical removal.

A

Placental percreta

73
Q

Abnormal conception in which there is no fetus ★Abnormal fertilization of egg. Placenta will grow, but there is no fetus, only tissues. Grape like cluster filled with cysts.

A

Hydatidiform mole

Pathology II (9 decks)

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