Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology II > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Benign enlargement of the prostate
of unknown cause. Related to a
disturbance of hormone secretions
that occurs as the period of
reproductive activity declines.

A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sx:
* Stopping/starting of urination
* Frequency
* Inability to completely empty bladder
* Infection (Cystitis)
* Hydronephrosis

A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • Transrectal US: gland enlargement
  • IVU:
    o Smooth elevation of bladder floor
    o “Fishhook” appearance of distal ureters
  • MR/ CT: Demonstrate hyperplastic changes
A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Affects men over 60.

A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tx:
* Heat (reduce inflammation)
* Medications
* Surgery – TURP transurethral resection of the prostate

A

Benign Prostatic Prostatic Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sx:
* Urinary tract obstruction
* Enlarged prostate
* Low back pain

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Transrectal US: Preferred method of Dx, mass
  • IVU: Irregular elevation of bladder floor
  • MRI/ CT: Staging the disease
A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tx:
* Surgical removal (prostatectomy)
* Radiation therapy (Seeding)
* Hormonal therapy

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2nd most common malignancy in men. 3rd leading cause of death in men.

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

70% found in peripheral zone

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Congenital condition of undescended testes

A

Cryptorchidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • US – locate the testicle
  • CT/MRI – may also be used to locate the testis
A

Cryptorchidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tx:
* Surgical fixation - orchiopexy★
* Removal - orchiectomy★

A

Cryptorchidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Usually corrects itself w/i 4 months. Can lead to fertility issues & malignancies 40x higher. Most common birth defect of male genitalia.

A

Cryptorchidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Twisting of the testicle, which leads to impaired circulation.

A

Testicular Torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sx:
* Swelling
* Pain
* Sudden sever onset

A

Testicular Torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Doppler US demonstrates: Blood flow to the organ

A

Testicular Torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Can Cause tissue death & shrinkage. Caused by injury, vigorous activity, random occurrence.

A

Testicular Torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Immediate surgery – waiting can lead to removal or infertility.

A

Testicular Torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

localized malignant testicular tumor originating in the seminiferous tubules.

A

Testicular seminoma (45%):

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

malignant neoplasm that arises from germ cells that are composed of various tissues. “Tumorous Monster” Made of germ cells(can have teeth, hair, bones, eyes)

A

Testicular teratoma (55%):

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sx:
* Lump
* Pain
* Swelling

A

Testicular tumor/mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hypoechoic mass, w/o calcifications (very dark)

A

Seminoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Inhomogeneous mass, w/ calcifications – ★like seeing teeth★ (appear lighter
Teratoma
25
* Surgical Removal * Radiation Therapy
Testicular Tumors/ Masses
26
Paired uterine horns that extend to the fallopian tube
Bicornuate uterus
27
Uterine cavity is elongated, w/ a single fallopian tube
Unicornuate uterus
28
complete duplication of the uterus, cervix & vagina (Very rare)
Uterus didelphys
29
Bacterial infection of the female genital system, usually the fallopian tubes. Usually caused by gonococcus, streptococcus, or staphylococcus
PID
30
Sx: * Pelvic pain/tenderness * Guarding * Fever * Chills * N/V * Discharge
PID
31
* US (transabdominal)- modality of choice o 1. thickened endometrium o 2. pyosalpinx or hydrosalpinx o 3. ovarian abscesses * HSG – demonstrates the patency of the fallopian tubes (10-15cc oil-based iodinated )
PID
32
Tx: * Antibiotic therapy * Abstinence * Surgery
PID
33
Affects women 20-24 caused by IUD complications, multiple partners. Can cause fibrous adhesions that can cause infertility.
PID
34
Simple cyst. Small fluid filled sac.
Ovarian Cysts
35
follicular sac does not break open (continues to grow – gets large)
Follicular Ovarian cyst
36
after egg is released, the sac doesn’t dissolve (continues to produce progesterone)
Corpus luteum ovarian cyst
37
Sx: * Abdominal pain/pressure
Ovarian Cysts
38
* Best visualized w/ US, MRI & CT o Appear as oval masses.
Ovarian Cysts
39
* Generally none needed * Surgical removal if needed
Ovarian Cysts
40
Benign smooth muscle tumors. Growth of the tumors is stimulated by estrogen.
Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)
41
Sx: * Uterine enlargement * ↓B/P * Pressure * Intermenstrual bleeding * Pain
Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)
42
* XR – mottled calcifications * US – hypoechoic solid mass * CT, MRI – confirm the Dx
Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)
43
* Generally none * Surgical removal if necessary – causing pain or putting pressure on other things
Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)
44
Can get large during reproductive years. During menopause, they shrink since estrogen isn’t being produced
Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)
45
AKA adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (inner layer). Common malignancy of the uterus. Development is highly correlated w/ hormonal changes (menopause) & is usually preceded by endometrial hyperplasia.
Endometrial Carcinoma
46
Sx: * Irregular/postmenopausal bleeding
Endometrial Carcinoma
47
* CT/ MRI – used for staging
Endometrial Carcinoma
48
* Varies by stage o Stage 1 contained w/i uterus – do hysterectomy
Endometrial Carcinoma
49
Presence of normal-appearing endometrium in areas other than the normal location.
Endometriosis
50
Sx: * Pain * Dysmenorrhea * Intermittent constipation/diarrhea * Infertility
Endometriosis
51
* US – used to diagnose. Seen as a mass.
Endometriosis
52
* Hormones to suppress menstrual cycle. * Surgery for lesions or hysterectomy – usually comes back.
Endometriosis
53
Exploratory to determine prognosis, surgery
Endometriosis
54
Malignant neoplasm of the cervix
Cervical Carcinoma
55
Sx: * Bleeding
Cervical Carcinoma
56
* CT/ MRI – used for diagnosis & staging. ★MRI is superior to CT
Cervical Carcinoma
57
* Surgery * Radiation therapy * Chemo
Cervical Carcinoma
58
Associated w/ HPV. Pap smear
Cervical Carcinoma
59
Most common malignancy among women. Most are classified as infiltrating duct carcinomas of the upper, lateral quadrant.
Carcinoma of the Breast
60
* Lump/mass. When tumor is large enough to be palpable, it has usually spread to nearest lymph nodes or bloodstream. * Advanced signs: o breast distortion o nipple retraction
Carcinoma of the Breast
61
* Mammo – dense, irregular masses, may demonstrate clustered calcifications * US – differentiate between a cystic & solid mass * MRI – may also be used to diagnose breast cancer
Carcinoma of the Breast
62
* Chemotherapy * Surgical removal * Radiation therapy
Carcinoma of the Breast
63
Overgrowth of fibrous tissue of the breast.
Fibrocystic Breasts
64
* ↑ in size or tenderness of a mass
Fibrocystic Breasts
65
* Mammo/US – used to differentiate a solid from a cystic mass.
Fibrocystic Breasts
66
Occurs in 60-75% of women.
Fibrocystic Breasts
67
Too little amniotic fluid is present. ★ Can cause growth defects
Oligohydramnios
68
Excess amniotic fluid is present. Can cause birth defects
Polyhydramnios
69
Development of the embryo outside the uterine cavity. ★ Most 95% is in fallopian tube. Can cause hemorrhaging & emergent internal bleeding.
Ectopic pregnancy
70
Implantation of the placenta leaves part or all of the cervical is covered. Leads to C-section & can cause a lot of bleeding,
Placental previa
71
The placenta may separate from the uterus. Caused by smoking, drinking, drugs. Happens around 25 weeks.
Placental abruption
72
The placenta extends into the myometrium. Doesn’t separate during delivery – surgical removal.
Placental percreta
73
Abnormal conception in which there is no fetus ★Abnormal fertilization of egg. Placenta will grow, but there is no fetus, only tissues. Grape like cluster filled with cysts.
Hydatidiform mole

Pathology II (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions