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Pathology II > Chapter 10 - Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Produces hormones that control many
functions of other endocrine glands;
“master gland”.

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

Produces hormones that
regulate metabolism,
help maintain normal
blood pressure, heart
rate, digestion, muscle
tone, and reproductive
functions

A

Thyroid gland

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3
Q

Produces hormones that
play a role in regulating
calcium levels in the
blood and bone
metabolism

A

Parathyroid gland

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4
Q

Cortex (outer layer)- produces
corticosteroids, which regulate the
body’s metabolism, salt/ water balance,
the immune system, and sexual function.

A

Adrenal gland

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5
Q

cortex
layer?

A

outer layer

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6
Q

Medulla (inner layer)- produces
hormones, which help the body cope
with physical/ emotional stress by
increasing the heart rate/ blood pressure
(fight or flight hormones).

A

Adrenal gland

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7
Q

medulla

A

inner layer

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8
Q

Produces a hormone which helps regulate thewake-sleep cycle of the body

A

Pineal gland

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9
Q

Produces hormones that regulate the level
of glucose (sugar) in the blood

A

Pancreas

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10
Q

this system regulates hormone levels in the
body. When the body detects that an
adequate level of hormone is in the body
it stops the production of more
hormone.

A

Negative Feedback mechanism

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11
Q

Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex which leads to an excess production of glucocorticoids.

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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12
Q

Sx:
* Moon-shaped face
* Reddened skin characteristics
* Fat pads behind the shoulder (Buffalo hump)
* Obesity
* Hypertension
* Too much or too little sex hormone (facial hair on female)

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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13
Q
  • CT/ MRI/ US- Enlargement of the adrenal glands or tumor. CT shows thickening of the wings.
  • Radiographs:
    o Osteoporosis
    o Aseptic necrosis (head of humerus or femur)
    o Adrenal tumors
A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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14
Q

A tumor commonly arising in the adrenal medulla. Produces an excess of epinephrine & norepinephrine.

A

Pheochromocytoma

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15
Q
  • Hypertension
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Sweating
  • Abdominal pain
A

Pheochromocytoma

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16
Q

Surgical removal

A

Pheochromocytoma

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17
Q
  • CT/ US: most frequently used to localize the tumor- appear as oval masses
A

Pheochromocytoma

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18
Q

A tumor originating in the adrenal medulla. (Affects children more than adults)

A

Neuroblastoma

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19
Q

Sx:
* Fever
* Malaise
* Pain

A

Neuroblastoma

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20
Q
  • Calcification of the adrenal medulla takes on a fine, granular appearance.
  • IVU: Downward displacement of the affected kidney
  • US/ CT/MRI- mass effect
A

Neuroblastoma

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21
Q
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation therapy
A

Neuroblastoma

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22
Q

US is modality of choice

A

Neuroblastoma

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23
Q

Has a good prognosis.

A

Neuroblastoma

24
Q

Excess secretion of growth hormone that is produced by either a tumor or an enlarged anterior lobe.

A

Hyperpituitarism

25
Q

Tx:
* Remove the tumor (if able)
o Remove through the nose
* Medications to decrease hormone levels

A

Hyperpituitarism

26
Q

occurs before bone growth stops in children

A

Gigantism

27
Q

enlarged skeleton

A

Gigantism

28
Q

occurs after bone growth has stopped.

A

Acromegaly

29
Q

widened joints, thickened heel pads, enlarged skull bones, enlarged sinuses, thickened mandible.

A

Acromegaly

30
Q

MRI – used to detect & locate pituitary tumors. ★ (thin sliced so nothing is missed)

A

Hyperpituitarism

31
Q

Insufficient secretion of pituitary hormones

A

Hypopituitarism

32
Q

Apperance:
* Small skeleton
* MRI – used to detect pituitary tumor

A

Hypopituitarism

33
Q

Tx
* Surgery
* Hormone replacement – synthetic growth hormone.

A

Hypopituitarism

34
Q

Excessive production of thyroid hormone, most commonly caused by Grave’s disease, but also adenomas.

A

Hyperthyroidism

35
Q
  • Nervousness
  • Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
  • Exophthalmos (enlarged eyes)
  • Insomnia
  • Excessive sweating
  • Hyperactivity
  • Weight loss
A

Hyperthyroidism

36
Q
  • Radioactive iodine scans:
    o generalized enlargement of the thyroid gland
    o increased uptake in iodine (only part of body that uses iodine)
A

Hyperthyroidism

37
Q
  • Medication management
  • Radioactive iodine
  • Surgical resection
A

Hyperthyroidism

38
Q

Structural or functional abnormality that results in a deficiency of the thyroid hormone.

A

Hypothyroidism

39
Q

Tx:
* Tumor:
o Surgery
o Chemotherapy
o Radiation Therapy
o HRT

A

Hypothyroidism

40
Q

o Cretinism- short stature
o Protruding tongue
o Broad, flattened nose
o Widely set eyes.

A

Hypothyroidism - Children

41
Q

o Lethargy
o Cold intolerance
o Somnolence (excessive sleep)
o Weight gain
o Personality changes

A

Hypothyroidism - Adults

42
Q

o Delay in growth characteristics, inc. skull thickness, widened sutures

A

Hypothyroidism - Children

43
Q

o Enlarged heart
o Soft tissue thickening in extremities
o Adynamic ileus ★★

A

Hypothyroidism - Adults

44
Q

Neoplasms of the thyroid

A

Thyroid Carcinoma

45
Q
  • Radioactive iodine scans: ★ gold standard
    o Nodule that does not fill with contrast (a “cold” spot) – not filling in with contrast
A

Thyroid Carcinoma

46
Q
  • Surgical removal ★ (thyroidectomy) ★ Synthroid
  • Radioactive iodine
A

Thyroid carcinoma

47
Q

most common, slow growing, cystic tumor, metastasizes via the lymphatic system. (Affects adolescents & young adults.

A

Papillary

48
Q

closely resembles normal thyroid tissue, metastasizes hematogenously through out the blood. (★Affects women over 40)

A

Follicular

49
Q

Excess secretion of the parathyroid hormone (PTH).

A

Hyperparathyroidism

49
Q

least common, producing dense calcifications w/i the tumor, metastasizes via the lymphatic system.

A

Medullary

50
Q

usually a result of an adenoma, carcinoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid.

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

51
Q

more common, occurs as a result chronic renal failure

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

52
Q
  • Radiographs
    o Subperiosteal bone resorption, loss of bone density (“ground-glass”)
A

Hyperparathyrodism

53
Q
  • Glandular dissection
  • Medication therapy
A

Hyperparathyroidism

54
Q

A deficiency in the parathyroid hormone.

A

Hypoparathyroidism

55
Q
A

Hypoparathyroidism

Pathology II (9 decks)

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