Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology II > Chapter 8 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

An acute inflammation of the meningeal covering of the brain & spinal cord. The microorganism can reach the meninges by hematogenous spread, spread from an adjacent infection, or introduction of bacteria after trauma/ surgery.

A

Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sx:
* Fever
* Stiff neck
* Headache
* Confusion

A

Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Most common form. Caused by Haemophilus influenzae. (acute – worst one)

A

Bacterial Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Caused by various viruses including mumps, poliovirus, & herpes simplex. (Less severe/common, have vaccines for)

A

Viral Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • MRI & CT – usually normal during acute episodes. Used to detect complications of the condition.
  • Lumbar puncture (aka spinal tap) used to collect CSF
  • Radiographs may show osteomyelitis, sinusitis or a fx.
A

Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tx:
* Medication
o Antibiotics
o Antiviral

A

Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Infection of the brain & meninges. Usually caused by herpes simplex virus.

A

Encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sx:
* Headache
* Fever
* Malaise (tired)
* Seizures
* Coma

A

Encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Accumulation of pus within the cranium. Usually due to chronic or systemic infections. Most commonly the streptococci bacteria.

A

Brain Abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sx:
* Fever
* Headache
* Nausea/vomiting
* Seizures

A

Brain Abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Best viewed on MRI or CT
  • Early – abnormal density w/ poorly defined borders
  • Later – capsule
    o Mass effect
A

Brain Abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Craniotomy
A

Brain Abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most common primary malignant brain tumor. Cause unknown. Arise from glial cells (support cells in CNS).

A

Glioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sx:
* Headache
* Impaired vision
* Personality changes
* Seizures

A

Glioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Slow-growing, highly malignant lesion ★ most common

A

Astrocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Predominantly cerebral malignant lesion

A

Glioblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tx:
* Surgical resection – remove
* Radiation therapy
* Chemotherapy

A

Glioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

5 year survival rate. Usually 2 ish.

A

Glioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Slow-growing, benign tumor arising from the arachnoid cells that are attached to the dura

A

Meningioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sx:
* Subtle at first (since sow growing), then :
o Headache
o Impaired vision
o Hearing loss
o Memory loss
o Seizures

A

Meningioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tx:
* Surgical removal – fairly easy – superficial
* Gamma knife

A

Meningioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Benign but still puts pressure on the brain

A

Meningioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Benign tumor of the pituitary gland. (Master gland, in sella turcica)

A

Pituitary Adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sx:
* Physical
* Eye problems
* Hormonal problems

A

Pituitary Adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Best viewed on CT & MRI
    o Mass effect
  • Radiographs (★Lateral skull)
    o Enlargement/ erosion of the sella turcica
A

Pituitary Adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • Surgical removal – through the nose. ★
  • Radiation therapy
A

Pituitary Adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

↑ secretion of growth hormone in open growth plate – keep growing. Closed growth plates- acromegaly

A

Pituitary Adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Secondary metastases from other sites. May be multiple or single. Most common primary sites are breast & lung.

A

Metastatic Carcinoma

29
Q

Sx:
* ICP
* Headache
* Behavior problems
* Vision problems
* Seizures

A

Metastatic Carcinoma

30
Q
  • Surgical removal – if there is 1.
  • Radiation therapy – multiple
A

Metastatic Carcinoma

31
Q

Focal neurologic deficit caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain

A

Stroke “Cerebrovascular Accident or Acute Brain Infarction”

32
Q

Risk Factors:
* ↑ w/ age
* ↑ B/P
* ↑ cholesterol
* Smoking
* Diabetes

A

Stroke “Cerebrovascular Accident or Acute Brain Infarction”

33
Q

Sx:
* Weakness or paralysis on 1 side of the body
* Confusion
* Difficulty speaking
* Vision problems
* Dizziness/loss of balance
* Headache

A

Stroke “Cerebrovascular Accident or Acute Brain Infarction”

34
Q

Appearance:
* CT w/o contrast is exam of choice to assess cause, location & extent
* Carotid Doppler/duplex sonograms along w/ MRA are also useful to demonstrate location & extent of blockage. (occlusion) ★
* ★ locate hematoma

A

Stroke “Cerebrovascular Accident or Acute Brain Infarction”

35
Q

Tx:
Surgical intervention to remove the blood or repair damaged vessels

A

Hemorrhagic

36
Q

Tx:
thrombolytic drugs = blood thinners

A

Ischemic

37
Q

Blood clot blocks a blood vessel. Caused by an embolus or thrombus.

A

Ischemic Stroke

38
Q

Blood vessels in the brain rupture. Caused by a weakening in the vessel wall.

A

Hemorrhagic Stroke

39
Q

Someone has every 40 – 50 seconds in US.

A

Stroke “Cerebrovascular Accident or Acute Brain Infarction”

40
Q

temp interruption of blood flow.

A

Mini Stroke

41
Q

“Cerebrovascular Accident or Acute Brain Infarction”

A

Stroke

42
Q

Degenerative, chronic, progressive disease of the nervous system of unknown cause. This condition causes degeneration of the myelin sheath (demyelination) covering the nervous tissue of the spinal cord & white matter.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

43
Q

Sx:
* Progressive
* Muscle weakness
* Balance
* Vision
* Nystagmus – eyes back & forth rapidly
* Bladder dysfunction

A

Multiple Sclerosis

44
Q
  • MRI demonstrates the plaque. (MS plaques, lesions) active or old plaques
A

Multiple Sclerosis

45
Q

Tx:
* Medication – antivirals
* Exercise
* PT
* No cure, manage sx

A

Multiple Sclerosis

46
Q

Affects people 20-40 years of age.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

47
Q

Has relapse/remission

A

Multiple Sclerosis

48
Q

A gradual loss of neurons results in enlargement of the ventricular system of the brain.

A

Normal Aging (Senile Dementia)

49
Q
  • MRI shows cerebral atrophy
  • Shows enlarged ventricles ★
A

Normal Aging (Senile Dementia)

50
Q

A diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy that develops at an earlier age than normal senile dementia.

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

51
Q

PET scanning is the modality of choice for demonstrating – enlarged ventricles

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

52
Q

Tx:
* Meds to slow progression
* No cure

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

53
Q

Inherited condition that predominantly affects men; consists of dementia & involuntary rapid jerky movements

A

Huntington’s Disease

54
Q

Best demonstrated on CT scans of the brain.

A

Huntington’s Disease

55
Q

caudate nucleus

A

Huntington’s Disease

56
Q

A progressive degenerative disease characterized by a stooped posture, stiffness & slowness of movement, a fixed facial expression, & involuntary rhythmic tremor of the limbs.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

57
Q

CT is useful, but may appear similar to scans of brains w/ normal aging changes

A

Parkinson’s Disease

58
Q

Dopamine isn’t being created as normal

A

Parkinson’s Disease

59
Q

Levodopa to cross over blood-brain barrier

A

Parkinson’s Disease

60
Q

A progressive condition of unknown cause that consists of selective atrophy & loss of motor nerve cells leading to extensive paralysis & death from respiratory weakness or aspiration pneumonia

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

61
Q

Distention of the ventricles due to excessive accumulation of CSF. Can be congenital or acquired

A

Hydrocephalus “Water on the Brain”

62
Q

Sx:
* Early (pressure from brain)
o Rapid increase in head size
o Vomiting
o Sleepiness
o Irritability
o Seizures

A

Hydrocephalus “Water on the Brain”

63
Q

Caused by impaired CSF reabsorption in the absence of any obstruction of CSF flow between the ventricles & subarachnoid space. ★ (making, not absorbing, can flow) ★

A

Communicating

64
Q

Occurs when flow of CSF is blocked along 1 or more of the narrow passages connecting the ventricles. ★(obstruction, not flowing)

A

Noncommunicating (obstructive)

65
Q
  • X-ray – Shunt placement
  • CT/ MR – Enlarged ventricles
  • US – Ventricular system in neonates
A

Hydrocephalus “Water on the Brain”

66
Q

Tx:
* Shunt to drain the fluid- usually into abdominal cavity

A

Hydrocephalus “Water on the Brain”

67
Q

Can be caused by tumor, or by meningitis.

A

Hydrocephalus “Water on the Brain”

68
Q

“Water on the Brain”

A

Hydrocephalus

69
Q

Can be congenital or aquired

A

Hydrocephalus “Water on the Brain”

Pathology II (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions