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Pathology II > Chapt 7 - Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Chapt 7 - Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Most common congenital cardiac lesions. Permit the mixing of blood in the pulmonary & systemic circulatory systems. Blood is shunted from the high-pressure systemic circulation to the low-pressure pulmonary circulation.

A

Septal Defects

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2
Q

An opening in the septum between the 2 atria of the ❤. Causes ↑ pulmonary blood flow & overload of the right ventricle

A

Atrial Septal Defect

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3
Q

An opening in the septum between the 2 ventricles of the ❤. Causes ↑ pulmonary blood flow

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

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4
Q

Appearance:
o Enlarged right atrium & ventricle
o Color doppler- preferred to show defect

A

Atrial Septal Defect

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5
Q

Appearance:
o Enlarged left atrium/ ventricle
o Color doppler – preferred to show defect

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

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6
Q

Tx:
80% heal on their own

A

Septal Defects

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7
Q

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close at birth. Essentially, blood that is meant for the systemic circulatory system is shunted back into the pulmonary circulatory system.

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

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8
Q

Appearance:
* Echocardiogram- modality of choice. Demonstrates the extent of the opening
* Color doppler- demonstrates the reverse pulmonary artery flow
* CXR- cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

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9
Q

A narrowing or constriction of the aorta. Most commonly occurring just beyond the branching of the blood vessels to the head & arms.
Blood supply & flow: Normal to increased-upper extremities Decreased- abdomen and legs
Blood pressure: Normal to increased- upper extremity. Very low- legs

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

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10
Q

Sx:
* pale skin
* irritability
* heavy sweating
* difficulty breathing

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

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11
Q

Appearance:
* Rib notching on CXR (4-8th posterior ribs)
* Bulging on either side of the stenosis

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

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12
Q

Tx:
* surgical repair- bypass graft or a stent

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

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13
Q

Results from atheroma (fatty plaque) deposition in the arteries. As the plaques accumulate the blood supply to the ❤ muscle decreases, which leads to ischemia.

A

Coronary Artery Disease “Coronary Heart Disease”

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14
Q

Sx:
* SOB
* chest pain
* myocardial infarction
* failure

A

Coronary Artery Disease “Coronary Heart Disease”

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15
Q

Appearance:
* Angiography is preferred- used in diagnosis and treatment. Shows strictures or narrowing that present as filling defects of the affected areas upon the injection of contrast
* NM, MRI, CT, echocardiography, and doppler may also be used to diagnose

A

Coronary Artery Disease “Coronary Heart Disease”

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16
Q

Tx:
* Lifestyle changes
* Medicine
* Stents
* CABG (bypass)

A

Coronary Artery Disease “Coronary Heart Disease”

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17
Q

Refers to the inability of the ❤ to propel blood at a rate & volume sufficient to provide an adequate supply to the tissues. Most commonly caused by hypertension & coronary ❤ disease.

A

Congestive Heart Failure “CHF”

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18
Q
  • Left-sided: Left ventricle cannot pump an adequate amount of blood equal to venous return. This overloads the pulmonary circulatory system.
  • Right-sided: Right ventricle cannot pump as much blood as it receives from the right atrium. This causes a slowing of the venous flow.
A

Congestive Heart Failure “CHF”

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19
Q

Appearance
* Left:
o Enlarged ❤
o ↑ vascular markings (hilar region)
o Pulmonary edema
o Pleural effusions
* Right:
o Enlarged right atrium/ ventricle
o Lower extremity edema

A

Congestive Heart Failure “CHF”

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20
Q

Left = backs up into lungs. Can cause cardiomegaly. ★ Needs Lasix & diuretic to get rid of fluid.

A

Congestive Heart Failure “CHF”

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21
Q

Refers to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pulmonary tissues. As pressure in the pulmonary veins rises, fluid is pushed into the air spaces. Usually due to CHF.

A

Pulmonary Edema

22
Q

Sx:
* Dyspnea
* Wheezing
* Pain
* SOB
* ❤ palpitations

A

Pulmonary Edema

23
Q

Appearance:
* CXR – hazy vascular markings
* If severe- “Butterfly” or “Bat wing” pattern

A

Pulmonary Edema

24
Q

Tx:
* Oxygen
* Avoid strenuous exercise
* ↓ sodium intake
* Medication – strong diuretic ★

A

Pulmonary Edema

25
Q

A localized dilatation or outpouching of a vessel wall, usually a result of a weakened wall.

A

Aneurysm

26
Q

bulging on only 1 side of vessel wall “balloon, sac”

A

Saccular
Aneurysm

27
Q

bulging of the entire circumference of the vessel wall

A

Fusiform
Aneurysm

28
Q

Appearance:
* US, MRA, CTA – determine size & extent of an aneurysm
* Aortography – show exact outline of aneurysms

A

Aneurysm

29
Q

★ Not good if they rupture. ★ US is modality of choice.

A

Aneurysm

30
Q

Disruption of the inner layer (tunica intima) of the vessel wall. Allows blood to enter the layers of the vessel wall. May occur in pts w/ arterial hypertension, trauma, & congenital defects.

A

Dissection of the Aorta

31
Q

Sx:
* Sharp chest
* Abdominal pain

A

Dissection of the Aorta

32
Q

Appearance:
* CXR – widening of the aortic shadow, wavy or irregular border
* Note – CT or aortography is generally needed for a definitive diagnosis

A

Dissection of the Aorta

33
Q

Can lead to aneurysm

A

Dissection of the Aorta

34
Q

Degenerative condition that results from a gradual buildup of fatty deposits on the inner lining of an arterial wall. ★ Harden/thickens

A

Atherosclerosis

35
Q

Sx:
* Usually asymptomatic
* Severe:
o Stroke
o ❤ attack
o Aneurysm

A

Atherosclerosis

36
Q

Appearance:
* Angiography, MRA, echocardiography & doppler may also be used to diagnose

A

Atherosclerosis

37
Q

Tx:
* PTA (balloon angioplasty)
* Stent placement

A

Atherosclerosis

38
Q

★ Caused by Smoking, Diabetes, ↑ B/P

A

Atherosclerosis

39
Q

Formation of a blood clot w/i a vein due to slowing of the blood return to the ❤, changes in the vessel wall, or changes in the blood composition. ★ Stationary ★

A

Thrombus

40
Q

thrombus that has become dislodged & enters bloodstream.

A

Embolism

41
Q

Appearance:
* Arteriography
o Procedure of choice to confirm clinical diagnosis
o To determine extent of occlusion
o Degree of collateral circulation
* US – determine location/ extent

A

Thrombosis/Embolism

42
Q

Tx:
* Removal
* Compression
* Anticoagulants – Warfarin, Coumadin ★

A

Thrombosis/Embolism

43
Q

★ Poor circulation, elderly - compression socks, move around.
★ Worried about going to the ❤ & lungs into pulmonary artery.

A

Thrombosis/Embolism

44
Q

Accumulation of fluid w/i the pericardial sac. Most commonly associated w/ bacterial/viral infections, or idiopathic cause.

A

Pericardial Effusion

45
Q

Sx:
* Chest Pain

A

Pericardial Effusion

46
Q

Appearance:
* Echocardiography – most effective method for diagnosis. 50 mL of fluid must be present.
* CXR – 200 mL of fluid must be present

A

Pericardial Effusion

47
Q

Tx:
* depends on the cause, pericardiocentesis – surgical puncture to remove fluid from pericardium.

A

Pericardial Effusion

48
Q

A clot primarily involving the lower extremities. It may be caused by trauma, bacterial infection, prolonged bed rest, & oral contraceptives. Is the major source of fatal pulmonary embolisms.

A

Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)

49
Q

Occurs when a blood clot forms or becomes lodged in a pulmonary artery. Resulting in an obstruction of normal blood supply to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary Embolus

50
Q

★ CT chest w/ contrast to make proper dx

A

Pulmonary Embolus

51
Q

Dilated, elongated, & tortuous vessels most commonly involving the superficial vessels of the leg.

A

Varicose Veins

Pathology II (9 decks)

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