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CMS - term 1 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

mastitis

A

inflammation of mammary gland
often bacterial (not always)
mainly dairy cattle but all species can get it

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2
Q

mastitis - treatment

A

antimicrobials
antiinflammatories - NSAIDs, steroids
nursing
supportive therapies

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3
Q

mastitis - antimicrobials

A

intramammary or parenteral
some bacteria very responsive

e. coli - most common cause, often not responsive to antibiotics

need to be used for enough days
definitely use if have bacteremia

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4
Q

mastitis - anti-inflammatories

A

NSAIDs -
meloxicam, flunixin meglumine
help combat endotoxemia
always useful - pain stops them wanting to get up so will eat less and hang out in gross places

steroids -
decrease inflammation
not analgesic
immunosuppresive - not great if an infection
local preparations - potential may help distribute antimicrobials

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5
Q

mastitis - nursing

A

stripping - should do routinely, flushes out bacteria and toxins
fluids
electrolytes
getting up and turning over down cows

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6
Q

mastitis - supportive therapies

A

feeding
supplementation

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7
Q

mastitis - prevention

A

identify issues early - bulk milk
environmental hygiene
milk parlour hygiene
teat sealing
nutrition
bedding management
vaccines

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8
Q

neonatal sepsis - equine

A

infection + systemic inflammatory response
leading cause of mortality in foals <1 weeks old
usually failure of passive transfer
cormorbid with other neonatal diseases - increased liklihood of not eating properly, lying down in grim places leading to poor immune function and infection

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9
Q

neonatal sepsis - signs - equine

A

non specific
lethargy
depression
seizure
unwillingness to suckle
tachy or bradycardia
tachypnoea - metabolic acidosis
pethachiae on gums or ears
recumbancy
dehydration
cold extremities
pale mm
scleral congestion
localised signs of infection

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10
Q

neonatal sepsis - diagnosis - equine

A

signs and history - not sucking, premature foals, dystocia, materal illness, failure of passive transfer
bacteriology - blood or synovial fluid
hematology - leukopenia and neutropenia
biochem - hypoglycemia common, azotemia, liver enzymes, increased lactate, increased acute phase proteins

IgG

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11
Q

neonatal sepsis - treatment - equine

A

maintain homeostasis
control infection

antibiotics
fluids - resuscitation and maintenance - correct hypovolemia then reassess
respiratory support - intranasal oxygen (hypoperfusion of tissues)
NSAIDs - use with caution in neonates - treating systemic inflammation and coagulopathies
nutritional support - keep blood glucose up
nursing - often round the clock - biosec, catheter care, turning to stop pressure sores

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12
Q

neonatal encephalopathy - equine

A

new born foal
non-infectious
neuro signs
immediate post partum

either -
hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy - cerebral hypoxia, adverse peripartum events
neonatal maladjustment syndrome - persistant elevation of in utero hormones - normal adjustment not happened

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13
Q

neonatal encephalopathy - signs - equine

A

behavioural changes - lack of interest in mare, inappropriate nursing, weird vocalisation
altered mentation - depression, stupr, somnolence, difficult to rouse, coma
cranial nerve dysfunction - no suckle reflex, weak tongue tone, tongue protrusion, dysphagia
CNS dysfunction - tremors, proprioception deficits, central blindness, ireegular respiratory patterns, seizures

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14
Q

neonatal encephalopathy - ddx - equine

A

sepsis
electrolyte abnormalities
hypoglycemia
meningitis
EHV 1
birth defects - lavender foal, hydroencephalus, hydraencephaly

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15
Q

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) - equine

A

mulitsystem organ dysfunction common along with neuro signs

risk factors -
placental disease
premature placental separation
maternal illness
dystocia
c section
birth trauma

supportive treatment

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16
Q

neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS) - equine

A

similar presentation with HIE but without the risk factors

failure in transition in uterine unconscious state to extrauterine conscious state
usually acheived by physcial compression during 2nd stage labour - triggers endocrine changes

rapid birth may be a risk factor

treat with foal squeeze (squeezey rope)

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17
Q

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis - equine

A

most common cause of jaundice in foals
anemia - RBCs destroyed by maternal antibodies to foal RBCs in colostrum
blood group incompatibility
mostly thoroughbreds
normal foal at birth then get ill from colostrum

good prognosis in mild/uncomplicated cases, less good if concurrent sepsis or renal disease or very sever signs

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18
Q

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis - signs - equine

A

at 2-5 days after birth

Vary with degree of anemia and amount of colostrum ingested
May develop metabolic acidosis due to anaerobic tissue metabolism

Lethargy
Weakness
Jaundice
Anorexia
Pyrexia
Multi organ failure – severe
Death – severe
CNS effects – seizure – severe
Dyspnoea – reduced o2 carrying ability – severe

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19
Q

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis - diagnosis - equine

A

tentative diagnosis any foal with lethargy, jaundice and anemia

presence of antibodies in colostrum or mare serum against foals RBCs - lysis of foal RBCS
jaundice foal agglutination test - not as sensitive but quick patient side test

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20
Q

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis - treatment - equine

A

monitor - PCV and signs
avoid stress/exertion
blood transfusion if PCV very low - risk of transfusion reaction, can overload liver with iron
antibiotics - prevent sepsis
hyperimmune plasma if failure of passive transfer

not much point taking them off the mare - not getting colostrum after a couple of days anyway

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21
Q

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis - prevention - equine

A

blood typing before breeding - some groups should be bred with caution

jaundiced foal agglutination test before foal nurses if mare has history of this before

muzzle foals of mare with history of this and use alternative colostrum

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22
Q

best practice at birth

A

clean and dry environment
move baby away from trampling
place in front of mum
encourage to lie sternal
encourage dam to clean
don’t swing baby
if struggling to breath percuss chest and massage fluid out of nose and mouth

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23
Q

dystocia

A

most commonly caused by foetal oversize

oedema
bruising
fractures
hypoxic foetus (due to reduced oxygen from compression of umbilical cord or premature placental separation)
metabolic acidosis - lactic acid production and build up
respiratory acidosis - poor lung function
reduced suck reflex - due to acidosis
failure of passive transfer - reduced colostrum intake from reduced sucking

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24
Q

dystocia - diagnosis of acidosis/hypoxia

A

time to sternal recumbancy over 5 mins
reduction or absence of suck reflex

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25
Q

colostrum contents

A

high protein, fat and vitamins - energy
immunoglobulins
growth factors
leukocytes

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26
Q

factors affecting colostrum quality

A

timing when collected from mum - decreased IgG over time
breed
parity
pre partum nutrition
length of dry period
abortion/induction
mastitis

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27
Q

factors affecting colostrum intake

A

inadequate supply - quantity or quality
udder conformation
poor mothering
maternal disease
poor neonatal vigour - reduced sucking

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28
Q

factors affecting colostrum absorption

A

time from birth to sucking
method of administration
acidosis - reduces absorption ability
induction of parturition

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29
Q

failure of passive transfer

A

major risk for all neonatal disease
especially if fail to suckle within 6 hours
holteins particularly bad for it

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30
Q

investigating failure of passive transfer

A

serum immunoglobulin -
refractometer - total prteins
zinc sulphate turbidity
sodium sulphate turbidity
radial immunodiffusion
nasal stick test - IgG
lateral flow - IgG

sample from 24 hours to 7 days
consider effect of dehydration on total proteins

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31
Q

failure of passive transfer - prevention

A

good pre partum nutrition
avoid dystocia
tube feed colostrum ASAP
supervision
keep good quality frozen colostrum
colostrum substitutes

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32
Q

equine - normal neonatal milestones

A

righting reflex in seconds
suck reflex - 5-10 mins
trying to stand - 30 mins
standing - 1 hour
nursing - 2 hours
meconium passed - in 24 hours
urine - dilute, large volumes in 6 hours for colts and 10 hours for fillies

2-3L colostrum
nurse 5-7 times per hour

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33
Q

prematurity/dysmaturity - characteristics

A

low birth weight
short, sily hair
floppy ears
domed head
weakness
prolonged time to stand
lax flexor tendons
incomplete ossifciation or tarsal and carpal bones

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34
Q

prematurity/dysmaturity - risk factors

A

health of dam in gestation
foaling environment
ease of delivery
gestational age at birth
placental abnormalities
placental transfer or maternal immunoglobulin

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35
Q

consequences of failure of passive transfer - foals

A

septicemia
increased infectious disease in first 4 months

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36
Q

causes of retained foetal membranes - equine

A

failure of detachment of microvillous attachments
usuallt tips of non gravid uterine horn

dystocia
premature delivery
abortion
c section
uterine intertia
delayed uterine involution
placentitis

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37
Q

retained foetal membranes - predisposing factors - equine

A

older mare
induced parturition
c section
delayed uterine involution
dystocia
obstetric manipulation
abortion
still birth
twinning
retention at a previous birth

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38
Q

retained foetal membranes - sequelae - equine

A

range from no effects - death (so can be real emergency)

metritis
laminitis
myocarditis

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39
Q

retained foetal membranes - history - equine

A

fetal membranes still visible after 3-6 hours
recent foaling or abortion
failure to complete stage 3 within 3 hours of birth
dystocia
abnormalities at foaling
sick mare
placental membranes not been seen or incomplete placenta only

40
Q

retained foetal membranes - signs - equine

A

retained membranes hanging out
pyrexia
dullness
depression
reduced appetite
reduced milk production
endotoxemia
abdominal pain - 12-48 hours post partum
colic
vaginal discharge

41
Q

retained foetal membranes - treatment - equine

A

aim to -
maintain uterine contractility
control inflammation
control bacterial proliferation

tie up placenta hanging out so don’t stand on it - weight of placenta can help it fall out

oxytocin (can cause colic but very effective)
uterine lavage - can cause contractions/separation, wash bacteria out and delay onset of sepsis
antibiotics - after removal
NSAIDs - bute or flunixin - for the colic after oxytocin

manual removal - could cause hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, uterine inveesion, prlapse or infection - ensure microvilli not attached still and all membranes out

42
Q

retained foetal membranes - indications for referral - equine

A

signs of sepsis
history or signs of laminitis
lack of experience in handling these cases

43
Q

retained foetal membranes - risk factors - cattle

A

common in diary cows

dystocia
uterine torsion
abortion
stillbirth
c-section
twins
immunosuppression
negative energy balance
selenium/vitamin E deficiency
hypocalcemia

44
Q

retained foetal membranes - consequences - cattle

A

delayed uterine involution
longer time to first service
decreased fertility
increased risk endometritis, metritis, ketosis, mastitis
decreased milk production

less dramatic than in horsest

45
Q

retained foetal membranes - treatment - cattle

A

manual removal - could lead to increased metritis and can cause trauma to uterus and endometrium - more chance of bacteria build up and septicemia
antibiotic pessary in uterus - expensive and milk withdrawal
systemic antibiotics - only if systemically ill
oxytocin/prostaglandin PFG2a

46
Q

retained foetal membranes - prevention - cattle

A

keep cos comfortable
reduce stress around parturition
adequate and balanced nutrition
consider history - more likely to retain if have done before

47
Q

retained foetal membranes - other farm species

A

sheep - rare
goats - more than sheep but not common
pigs - rare but increasing with breeding for more piglets, prolific sows more prone

longer parturition a risk factor

48
Q

failure to cycle - causes - equine

A

time of year
lactational anoestrus
failure to cycle post foaling
persistant CL
ovulation failure
ovarian neoplasia
ovarian hematoma
genetic abnormalities

49
Q

time of year - cycle - equine

A

long day breeders - melatonin in response to darkness inhibitis hypothalamus
april-october - ovulatory
can control artifically - artifical light or blue LED mask on one eye
can also control with hormones
exposure to stallion in neighbouring paddock to advance season
improved BCS also helps to cycle earlier

50
Q

foal heat

A

oestrus at 7-12 days post partum
then switch to regular 21 day cycle

may have variable periods of anoestus after foaling then take a while to cycle normally

51
Q

lactational anoestrous

A

may only start cycling again when foal weaned

52
Q

persistant CL - equine

A

CL hangs around longer than notmal and delays onset of oestrous

causes -
ovulation late in dioestrous
chronic endometritis - lose ability to produce prostaglandin to lyse CL, older mares
lutenised anovulatory follicle

try and lyse by giving prostaglandin

high progesterone indicates presence of luteal tissue

53
Q

ovulation failure - equine

A

usually anovulatory follicle
insufficient hormone production
higher incidence in older mare

54
Q

ovarian neoplasia - equine

A

granulosa cell tumour - hormonally active, stallion like behaviour
usually unilateral, other ovary not working while tumour is there and gets small

cystadenoma, teratome, cystadenoma - slow growing and hormonally inactive - other ovary functions normally

55
Q

ovarian hematoma - equine

A

excessive post ovulation hemorrhage

may need removed if big enough to damage ovary architecture

56
Q

genetic abnormalities - equine

A

gonadal dysgenesis - sterile - missing sex chromosome, normal external but small ovaries and underdeveloped uterus
mosaics/chimeras - some normal and some abnormal cells - sub or infertile

no treatment, but uncommon

57
Q

failure to conceive - causes - equine

A

anatomically normal and cycling but not getting in foal

endometritis
uterine abnormalities
oviduct abnormalities

58
Q

endometritis - equine

A

inflammation of inner lining of uterus
most common cause of subfertility

breeding induced endometritis - normal - inflammatory response to insemination, should clear in 24-48 hours once debris flushed out by natural processes
venereal pathogens - natural mating or contaminated semen

usually older mares susceptible
usually no external signs
may see discharge

ultraousn - oedema, fluid in lumen - graded by amount of fluid and character
sampling - swab, low volume flush, or biopsy

treatment -
oxytocin or pgf2a - stimulate contraction to remove debris
uterine lavage
exercise - helps push fluid out
antibiotics/antifungals - c&s
address predisposing factors - conformation, contamination at breeding

59
Q

uterine abnormalities - equine

A

uterine cysts -
older mares,
lymphatic origin
visible on US
can interfere with mobility of conceptus, prevent implantation and be misinterpreted as pregnancy

adhesions -
usually from trauma or previous dystocia
areas of scarring
inhibit implantation

foreign bodies -
recurrent non responsive endometritis
if remove should return to normal

neoplasia -
leiomyoma - only an issue if obstrucitve or hemorhagic

60
Q

pregnancy failure - equine

A

twinning
early embryonic loss
abortion
placentitis

61
Q

twinning - equine

A

rate of twin conception high in thoroughbreds
placenta can’t provide enough nutrients
usually abort around 7-9 months
early identification and pinching before fixation

62
Q

early embryonic loss - equine

A

loss of pregnancy before 70 days

intrinsic factors -
endometrial disease
maternal age - oocyte quality decreases
progesterone deficiency - not seen often in horses

extrinsic factors -
systemic disease - any that can endotoxemia, lead to increased systemic prostaglandin and luteolysis
nutrition - poor BCS
toxins
iatrogenic - handling in embryo transfer

63
Q

abortion - equine

A

between 70-300 days
may result from systemic disease
usually don’t find out why

infectious causes -
ascending placentitis
EHV1
equine vial arteritis
MRLS (caterpillar, we don’t have it here)
lepto
nocardiform placentitis

non-infectious causes -
twinning
umbilical cord torsion
congenital abnormalities
maternal disease

mare not usually affected systemically

64
Q

placentitis - equine

A

ascending - infection starting at caudal pole then spreading cranially

may have vulval diacharge
may have premature udder development

can lead to abortion if extensive

ultrasound - thickness of uterus and placenta at caudal pole

antibiotics
NSAIDs
progesterone supplement
pentoxyfyline - improve quality of RBCs
prepare for compromised foal

65
Q

causes of abortion - equine

A

viral
bacterial
fungal
twinning
placental disease
foetal disease
maternal disease
premature placental separation

no diagnosis in 50% cases

66
Q

management of abortion - equine

A

try and establish cause
rule out infectious causes
ensure not having outbreaks
examine foetus and membranes
isolation until infectious ruled out
flushing
repairing tears

67
Q

types of placentitis - equine

A

ascending - most common - microorganisms access cervical portion of placenta via cervix
diffuse/multifocal - hematogenous spread, widespread infection and inflammation - lepto, salmonella, candida
focal mucoid - south america - nocardiform

68
Q

diagnosis - placentitis - equine

A

usually older multiparous mares
no clinical signs until advanced - discharge, premature udder development and lactation

US - assess thickness at caudal pole of placenta

69
Q

treatment - placentitis - equine

A

antibiotics
NSAIDs
pentoxyfyline - improves deforability in RBCs to improve perfusion to placenta
alternogest - mitigates prostaglandin induced abortion
aspirin

70
Q

prevention - placentitis - equine

A

predisposed by poor comformation
regular monitoring in future pregnancies
prepare for compromised foal

71
Q

uterine torsion - equine

A

cause unknown
uncommon
last 4 months

mild colic - recurrent if severe torion
risk of uterine rupture

diagnosis - rectal palpation

correct by rolling mare under GA or surgery

severe troision –> occlusion of uterine blood flow –> ischemia to uterus and foetus –> abortion

72
Q

ventral abdominal swelling - equine

A

variable swelling
leaves a dent if you poke the belly
mostly just normal to have oedeam towards term

abdominal wall rupture
hydrops

73
Q

abdominal wall rupture - equine

A

older mares
swelling and pain
draft horses
associated with hydrops and twinning
can be from trauma - kicking
can be seen in conjunction with pre-pubic tendon tear - tear at insertion with pelvis

ventral abdomen drops
lordosis
reluctance to move
blood in milk

treatment -
abdominal support
restricted exercise
analgesia

prognosis dependant on size of tear, should retire from breeding after

74
Q

hydrops - equine

A

excess fluids build up in one of the placental compartments
can lead to wall rupture
may have spontaneous abortion, if not then usually need to induce parturition

hydroallantois - chorioallantois not regulating fluid
hydramnion - usually associated with foetal abnormality - uncommon

older mares
rapid onset abdominal distension
last trimester

low grade colic
lethargy
anorexia
dyspnoea - uterus pushing cranially

diagnosis - rectal palpation, ultrasound

75
Q

vaginal varicose veins - equine

A

common cause of vulval discharge
lots of blood so looks alarming but mostly normal
nothing wrong with foetus or uterus
usually older mares
grape like structures on roof of vagina

can cauterise with formalin, laser or heat (or just leave them)

76
Q

reproductive colic - equine

A

differentiate peri-partum conditions causing colic from non-reproductive causes
late pregnancy - more prone to colon displacement and torsion
could be due to foetal activity

77
Q

maceration

A

cervix open
allows bacteria entry

78
Q

mummification

A

foetal death with persistent CL
closed cervix
no contractions

79
Q

causes of fertilisation failure - farm

A

bad AI timing
delayed ovulation
poor uterine environment

80
Q

early embryonic death - farm

A

day 1-19

genetic defects
poor quality ova
endometritis
lack of interferon tau
heat stress
infection

81
Q

late embryonic death - farm

A

day 19-40

same risk factors as early embryonic death
also impact of management factors

82
Q

abortion - farm

A

day 40-270
infectious and non infectious causes

83
Q

infectious abortion causes - sheep

A

chlamydia
toxoplasmosis
salmonella
campylobacter
brucella abortus
border disease
fungal

84
Q

non-infectious abortion causes - sheep and cattle

A

genetic defects
heat stress
management stress
nutrition
iatrogenic

85
Q

infectious abortion causes - cattle

A

brucella abortus - notifiable
leptospirosis
trueperella pyogenes
listeria monocytogenes
campylobacter spp
neospora caninum
salmonella
BVDV
fungal

86
Q

brucella abortus

A

notifiable
zoonotic

long survival outside body
ingestion or venereal spread
hematogenous spread to uterus –> placentitis and endometritis

stays latent but usually only abort once
abortion storm in naive herds
late pregnancy abortion

lactating dairy cows routinely screened for antibodies

management of metritis rather than treatment of the brucella

87
Q

leptospirosis

A

spread through infected urine, abortion products or venereal spread
carried and excreted by sheep - advise against co-grazing with cattle

rapid multiplaication in udder and uterus –> bacteremia

sudden milk drop
late abortion
pyrexia

microscopic agglutination test (MAT), ELISA, flourescent antibody test

antibiotics to reduce shedding

vaccine available

88
Q

listeria monocytogenes

A

sporadic winter abortions
contaminated silage

transiet fever and illness
abortion at or after times of illness
usually late abortion
abortion unrelated to CNS signs

isolate organism from liver, abosmasum, foetus, placenta or vaginal discharge

prevention - good silage hygiene and storage

89
Q

neospora caninum

A

carried by dogs
most commonly diagnosied abortion cause in cows UK

chronic infection
repeat abortions
can have live congenitally infected calves - pass through herd
abortion at 5-6 months
abortion storms in naive animals
mummified foetus

prevention - restrict dog access to feed and calving/abortion products

90
Q

chlamydia abortus

A

zoonotic
common in sheep - enzootic abortion
spread by ingestion of abortion products of infected ewes

usually not ill at time of abortion
latent infection, abortion following year
after this usually immune

vaccine available

91
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

carried by cats

outcome dependent on stage of gestation when infected
non pregnant - immune
early pregnancy - early embryonic death
late pregnancy - foetal death, mummification or weak lambs

strawberry cotyledons

vaccine available but no treatment

92
Q

campylobacter spp

A

sporadic abortion storms - usually for one season then immune
brought in by infected sheep or contaminated feed

abortion 1 month before lambing
aborted lambs are fresh
red inflamed placenta

no vaccine available

93
Q

induction of abortion - medical - farm

A

PGF2A - day 7-150
PGF and steroid (dexamethasone) - days 150-270
PGF or steroid - day 275+

94
Q

metritis - farm

A

usually e. coli of actinobacillus pyogenes

clinical metritis - abnormally large uterus, not necessarily systemically ill, purulent discharge
pureperal metritis - watery brown discharge, 21 days post calving, systemic illness

grading -
0-3 - endometritis - normal discharge to 100% pus
4-5 - metritis - brown, smelly discharge to systemically unwell
toxic metritis

usually don’t treat grade 1-2

95
Q

uterine prolpase

A

abdominal straining in 3rd stage parturition
especially if membranes still attached

risk factors -
decreased uterine tone - hypocalcemia, dystocia
manual extraction of calf and membranes
long stage 2 labour
excessive straining

replace as quickly as possible
can lead to uterine artery rupture

treatment - epidural to replace uterus, remove placenta, sugar solution may help to shrink uterus (draws out water)

96
Q

bull breeding soundness exam

A

scrotal circumference - related to fertility and fertility of daughters
palpation - even, firm
prepuce and penis - eg warts, lesions
accessory sex glands - palpable per rectum - size, swelling, shape
volume and density of semen
gross and progressive motility
morphology - bent tails, detached heads, proximal droplets, distal droplets
libido and ability to serve - able to mount, penis extrudes
eyes, jaw, heart, BCS, lungs, lameness

handle samples very carefully - temerpature changes can cause shock

97
Q
A

CMS - term 1 (15 decks)

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