Gastrointestinal Flashcards

Question

rotavirus in foals

Answer 1

more severe in younger foals most commonly detected infectious agent in foals tips of villi destroyed - can't digest milk continue having diarrhoea after resolved - develop degree of lactose intolerance highly contagious

Answer 2

clostridia e coli salmonella lawsonia intracellularis

Answer 3

difficile and perfringens toxin producing strains risk factors - previous antibiotic use, stress can cause severe haemorrhagic enterocolitis in foals - rapid progression and high mortality - more common in younger foals zoonotic

Answer 4

diarhoea and septicemia pyrexia and inappetence monitor for sepsis and bacteremia joint ill, uveitis, naval ill, osteomyelitis - spread to other body systems - generalised sepsis all neonates with salmonellosis should be treated with antibiotics zoonotic

Answer 5

weaning age foals wildlife reservoir - rodents etc shed for 1-3 weeks, can live in environment for a few weeks quick loss of condition after weaning rapid protein loss peripheral oedema can use pig vaccine rectally in horses for prevention

Answer 6

primarily respiratory - 'rattles' rarely - enterocolitis, abscess, peritonitis, and hepatitis

Answer 7

uncommon strongylus westeri cryptosporidium parvum

Answer 8

only common in really young foals - 0-14 days

Answer 9

foal heat diarhoea perinatal asphyxiation syndrome necrotising enteritis nutrition/luminal irritants gastric ulceration

Answer 10

really common not really a problem occurs around same time mare returns to oestrus self-limiting loose feces but bright and still suckling 0-14 days

Answer 11

risk factors - dystocia, inadequate oxygen during delivery enterocytes prone to problems with reduced oxygen diarrhoea intolerance of milk 0-14 days

Answer 12

complex interaction of immature GI mucosa, bacterial infiltration don't like being fed poor prognosis - usually die soon after birth 0-14 days

Answer 13

ingestion of abnormal materials incorrect formulation of milk replacers from after 2 weeks

Answer 14

diarrhoea foals over 2 months

Answer 15

clinical exam and history - age important, how hydrated, are they suckling h&b - PCV and TP - hydration inflammatory markers - infection renal enzymes - dehydration --> renal injury proteins IgG testing - maternal antibody transfer fecal testing - tests based on most likely infectious agents based on age looking for toxins, not particular bacteria abdominal ultrasound - intestinal wall thickening umbilical structures - key centre for infection

Answer 16

fluids - enteral in mild cases with no reflux, systemic if hypovolemic NB - not tolerant of high sodium levels -start with lactated ringers monitor electrolyte imbalances and acid base disturbances antibiotics - always if under 2 weeks check kidneys first salmonella - ampicillin clostridia - metronidazole lawsonia - oxytetracycline, macrolides analgesia - NSAIDs butorphanol buscopan gastric ulcer therapy - sucrealfate nutritional support - come off milk for 24 hours (with fluids) intestinal binding agenst - bind clostridial toxins lactase - replace loss in rotavirus probiotics - not recommended in foals nursing care

Answer 17

salmonella enterotoxic e coli rotavirus BVD Coronavirus

Answer 18

coccidia - eimeria cryptosporidium

Answer 19

dublin more dairy than suckler 2-6 weeks high morbidity and mortality dullness, anorexia, off food grey, pasty feces with blood and mucous, foul smelling can also get penumonia or meningitis as primary presenting sign surviving calves often grow poorly zoonotic treatment - fluids, electrolytes, antibiotics vaccine

Answer 20

k99 antigen toxin draws fluid into the gut first few days of life yellow white diarrhoea quickly dehydrated and recumbent vaccine - cover e coli, rotavirus and coronavirus

Answer 21

high mortality just over a week old watery green/yellow feces concurrent infection makes it worse - usually crypto collapse, dehydration, sunken eyes, skin tent prevention - colostrum and pen management zoonotic

Answer 22

can develop into mucosal disease

Answer 23

eimeria spp villous atrophy - failure to absorb diarrhoea with mucous and fresh blood straining - discomfort --> rectal prolapse normal temp can become chronic sporulated oocysts retained in environment

Answer 24

crypto parvum only a few oocysts needed retained in environment 4-6 weeks to 6 months (older calves) associated with intensive stocking and poor hygiene increased risk in mixed age groups treatment - halofuginone prevention - regular moving feed and water troughs, bedding management, cleaning and disinfection of all buildings with product that kills oocysts

Answer 25

recent observation don't know cause rapid BCS loss diarrhoea 3-12 months during summer

Answer 26

typhmurium may be subclinical weaners (4 weeks) and growers zoonotic acute - high temp and yellow to bloody diarrhoea can become carriers necrotic ear tips can lead to rectal stricture --> euthanasia resists drying in feces in the environment - exist for years in dust prevention - hygiene, isolation, rodents, birds, pasteurised feed, cull chronically infected carried on tonsils and in caecum foodborne infection to people in pork ELISA on pork juice at abattoir

Answer 27

e coli - watery mouth salmonella clostridium perfringens B - lamb dystentery coccidia - eimeria cryptosporidium various parasitic worms rotavirus

Answer 28

infraorbital - into infraorbital foramen, between gum and lip - anaesthetises from maxillary 3rd premolar to incisors mental (rostral mandibular) - into mental foramen, inside lip under root of 1st mandibular premolar - anaesthetises mandibular front teeth caudal maxillary - under zygomatic arch, perpendicular to palate behind second maxillary premolar - caudal maxilla to first incisor including palatal bone ideally mepivicaine care with lidocaine in cats - not IV, toxic

Answer 29

diabetes mellitus hyperthyroidism pancreatitis IBD systemic infections (eg dental disease)

Answer 30

ALT - liver only - liver cell damage ALP - liver (cholestatic/billiary) and bones - liver specific in cats - billary or cholangic disease billirubin - RBC breakdown - liver or bile duct Bile acid stimulation test - liver function

Answer 31

liver disease toxins pancreatitis diabetes hyperthyroidism systemic infection lymphoma malnutrition

Answer 32

dietary indiscretion parasites endocrine allergy obstruction IBD lymphoma

Answer 33

symptomatic management usually chronic diarrhoea exclusion diet - diagnosis and treatment single novel protein no treats, flavoured medications, or toothpaste rapid response - 2-3 days - quicker than skin allergy response 12 weeks before rechallenging

Answer 34

parasites protozoa - giardia, cryptosporidium viruses - parvo, distemper, enteric coronavirus bacteria - clostridium perfringens, salmonella, toxoplasmosis, tritrichomonas, clostridium jejuni fecal culture - not useful pathogen panels - different depending on species treatment depending on cause - fenbendazole - giardia or mic worms, most endoparasites, not isospora mild bacterial - supportive care only bacteremia, acute diarrhoea - amoxyclav campylobacter - erythromycin clostridium - metronidazole avoid broad spectrum viral - fluids, antiemetics if vomiting, antibiotic if secondary infection or septicemia FIV, FeLV, parvo - virbagen omega (recombinant feline interferon) supportive care - fluid, nutritional support, probiotics

Answer 35

persistent GI signs histological evidence of intestinal inflammation no response to diet trial immunosuppression treatment - preds ongoing treatment ciclosporin if not reactive to preds highly digestible diet folate and cobalain supplementation pre- pro- and post-biotics - manage dysbiosis metronidazole in severe cases

Answer 36

ddx for protein losing enteropathy causes - congenital, obstructive neoplasia, secondary to hypertension lymph build up in vessels, leaks across enteric mucosa poor prognosis management - low fat high protein diet, supplementation ADEK vitamins, preds, metronidazole if secondary infection

Answer 37

in predisposed breed <2 years old inflammation and invasive e coli baytril (fluoroquinolone) - 4-8 weeks confirm before antibiosis

Answer 38

metronidazole or tylosin - 4-6 weeks not common diagnosis of exclusion dietary support - highly digestible, low fat, high fibre supplements - pre-, pro-- and post-biotics fecal microbial transplantation - probably won't ever actually do this

Answer 39

lymphoma most common adenocarcinoma and mast cell also reported signs - chronic progressive diarrhoea palpable mass hypoalbuminemia weight loss ultrasound - loss of layering treatment - focal masses, no mets - mass resection and end to end anastomoses diffuse masses - chemo complete remission possible with t cell lymphosarcoma palliative care - preds, nutritional support, anti emetics, appetite stimulants

Answer 40

pancreatitis triaditis endocrine - addisons, hyperthryroidusm hepatic renal cardiac exocrine pancreatic insufficiency drug induced

Answer 41

not producing pancreatic digestive enzymes idiopathic or from chronic pancreatitis lack of enzymes --> maldigestion diagnosis - TLI - trypsin like immunoreactivity treatment - enzyme replacement, highly digestible diet, cobalamin/B12 supplementation

Answer 42

NSAIDs - prostglandin inhibition leading to loss of protective covering antibiotics - disruption of biome antifungals and chemo - cytotoxic

Answer 43

secondary to surgery fat restricted diet supplementation - vitamins and minerals metronidazole for intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Answer 44

disruption of mucosal barrier altered motility hypersecretion of fluid

Answer 45

salomella clostridia cyathostomins - usually more chronic equine coronavirus potomac horse fever

Answer 46

drug related - NSAIDs, antibiotics - usually more chronic toxins - acorns carbohydrate overload dietary change

Answer 47

opportunisitic infection healthy horses still shed a bit of salmonella severe, acute enterocolitis pyrexia pronounced neutropenia - main thing zoonotic risk factors - recent colic, recent GA, antibiotic therapy, stress, concurrent infection, immunosuppression most horses not badly affected

Answer 48

normal intestinal flora c. difficile - toxigenic range from moderate diarrhoea to rapidly fatal peracute colitis zoonotic - significant cause of diarrhoea in humans

Answer 49

common in foals can see encephalitis signs (mentation changes) - secondary to hyperammonemia

Answer 50

hydration, electrolyte, acid base disturbances - low electrolytes, metabolic acidosis PCV/TP - hydration - PCV <45% associated with decreased survival initial leukopenia pre renal or renal azotemia - from dehydration elevated blood lactate - dehydration or endotoxemia decreased TP or albumin - can be masked by dehydration

Answer 51

PCR for specific pathogens - salmonella intermediate shedding so needs multiple samples culture - not reliable toxin ELISA - clostridia abdominal US - wall thickness, distension, fluid abdominal radiography - sand enteropathy, obstruction

Answer 52

flunixin meglumine - anti inflammatory fluid therapy - dehydration, assess proteins, low proteins may have been being masked by dehydration laminitis prophylaxis - ice boots anti endotoxemix medications - intestinal binding agents, polymixin B anti microbials - usually now, clostridia can use metronidazole, use if evidence of sepsis or in potomac

Answer 53

minimum 7-14 days persistent or intermittent signs - weight loss oedema pyrexia colic inappetence depression reduced gut sounds

Answer 54

cyathostomins/parasites lawsonia chronic salmonella peritonitis idiopathic dietary IBD sand enteropathy NSAID toxicity - mucosal ulceration and right colon oedema neoplasia secondary to other chronic disease - hepatic, renal, CHF, hyperlipemia

Answer 55

history - age, worming, NSAIDs, soil type bloods - PCV - anemia WBC hypoproteinemia electrolyte imbalance signs of other systemic disease - liver, kidney etc fecal - fibre length - mastication FWEC PCR - salmonella, lawsonia dental - mastication US - wall thickness and fluid rectal - lymph nodes, thickening abdominocentesis - increased WBC - inflammation increased protein - peritonitis radiograph - sand enteropathy Biopsy - IBD/neoplasia

Answer 56

depending on underlying cause codeine phosphate - decreases fecal water content diet change antimicrobials - only for lawsonia and peritonitis cilium - sand enteropathy, pushes sand through bowel stop any drugs causing adverse effects (eg NSAIDs)

Answer 57

--> metabolic acidosis economic costs - reduced production, decreased efficiency production, premature culling, increased fatalities common sequelae - rumenitis, metabolic acidosis, reduced dry matter intake, abomasal displacement, ulcers, laminitis, bloating, reduced fertility risk factors - early lactation with high energy rations introduced too quickly, mid lactation with high feed intake signs - bright yellow sour smelling feces foamy diarrhoea with gas bubbles and undigested fibre can be intermittent

Answer 58

sudden overload of carbohydrates signs - colic signs - restlessness distended abdomen - bloat weakness ataxia teeth grinding anorexia increased resp rate - due to metabolic acidosis profuse watery diarrhoea - after 24 hours high fatality treatment - fluids antibiotics IV vitamins surgery - probably won't bother

Answer 59

salmonella dublin more common in dairy signs - abortion - late pregnancy diarrhoea milk drop acute or chronic recovered animals become carriers and shed intermittently can survive up to 6 years in dry feces zoonotic vaccine bulk milk testing on farm hygiene and biosec important

Answer 60

mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis chronic can shed before clinical signs 4 stages - silent, subclinical, clinical, advanced (diarrhoea at advanced stage) chronic granulomatous enteritis - bacteria infects macrophages of peyers patches inflammatory cell infiltration into intestinal wall --> thickening and destruction of villi earlier infection - worse subsequent lesions in utero infection possible decreased yield, mastitis, infertility - may be culled for these without realised it's johnes

Answer 61

diarrhoea, respiratory, reproductive, mucosal disease immunosuppression drop in production abortion and persistently infected calves infection in utero - 1 month - early abortion 2-4 months - persistent infection 5-9 months - abortion, congenital abnormalities persistently infected - main source of infection for rest of herd, continual shedding, poor growth, prone to other infections, often die, eventually get mucosal disease mucosal disease - only in persistenyl infected, tongue ulcerations vaccine remove persistently infected - testing optional, but culling compulsory once identified

Answer 62

ovine herpes virus depression anorexia pyrexia photophobia oral stomatitis corneal opacity usually sporadic fatal at 7-10 days ddx - mucosal disease, bluetongue

Answer 63

bovine coronavirus watery diarrhoea with dark blood winter housing season anorexia and severe milk drop usually recover in a few days, can give supportive treatment

Answer 64

chronic weight loss often culled as barren ewes due to infertility without knowing they have it dirrhoea in late stages hypoalbuminemia ELISA vaccine available

Answer 65

frequently confused with diarrhoea causes - inappropriate diet - low fibre, high carb, too much protein obesity dental disease MSK disease - not wanting to bend to eat them upper resp tract disease - can't smell them urinary tract disease

Answer 66

clostridia or e coli enterotoxins --> enteritis severe watery diarrhoea quiet GI pain dehydration peracute - collapse and death risk factors - low fibre, high carb, excessive protein predisposes after antibiotics - predispose to bacterial overgrowth diagnosis - fecal gram stain signs and history (antibiotics) post mortem ddx - infectious enteritis mucoid enteropathy megacolon treatment - supportive care - fluid (care in rabbits, can cause pleural oedema), termperature control, nutritional support, probiotics, high fibre supplement pain relief - opioid spasmolytics metronidazole - clostridia cholestyramine - binds toxins prevention - care with antibiotic selection supplements appropriate diet

Answer 67

infectious enteritis - all species mucoid enteropathy - rabbits megacolon - rabbits heavy metal toxicity - all species

Answer 68

only indicated if overgrowth or malformed - not routine maintenance correct overgrowth with husbandry malformation can be congenital or acquired causes of acquired malformation - trauma liver disease kidney disease

Answer 69

behavioural regurg - normal mating behaviour in psittacines - can end up doing if try to pair bond with owner treatment - avoid sexual behaviour - fully body stroking, feeding from mouth reqard only non sexual behaviours increased enrichment increase interactions with other people reduce environmental stimulus - decreased day length, lower calorie diet

Answer 70

common disruption of normal crop flora candida overgrowth risk factors - inappropriate diet antibiotics GI stasis (delaying crop emptying) diagnosis - clinical signs abundant yeast on crop cytology treatment - crop emptying and flushing treat underlying conditions oral anti fungals supportive care - probiotics, GI stimulants, metaclopramide

Answer 71

ingestion of long grass, hay or string GI hypomotility treatment - flushing - not too useful, risk of aspiration ingluviotomy

Answer 72

biliverdinuria liver disease --> increased biliverdin --> green urates can look like diarrhoea hematology and biochem for liver dysfunction, WBC changes, globulin changes treatment - depends on cause - heavy metal poisoning, chlamydia causing hepatitis

Answer 73

usually lower GI disease differentiate from seed spilled on feces due to malabsorption diagnosis - history fecal exam - cytology, parasites, c&s (mycobacterium), imaging (US difficult because of air sacs), specific disease testing

Answer 74

poor hibernation practice insufficient temperature control - run down glucose waking up repeatedly excessive length of hibernation - leukopenia on waking (Red plastron) - don't make WBCs during hibernation hematology - low WBC biochem - high uric acid treatment - correct dehydration - feeding before urinate can cause refeeding syndrome - 2 maintenance until urine then 1x antibiotics - injectable supportive feeding - o tube prevention - health check before hibernation prepration temperature close monitoring temperature control during hibernation limit hibernation length - max 3 months, start 2 weeks with juveniles and increase by one week per year

Answer 75

infrequent defacation common but only normal in species that don't eat often causes - inappropriate diet inappropriate substrate not enough exercise low calcium due to UVB provision lack of fibre parasites systemic disease hypercalcemia (metabolic bone disease) treatment - KY enema and water bathing fluid therapy treat underlying disease prevention - husbandry maintain hydration

Answer 76

Lymphocytic plasmocytic enteritis Eosinophilic Granulomatous Multicentric eosinophilic Lymphosarcoma Undifferentiated

Answer 77

corticosteroids anthelmintics environmental changes dietary changes - high protein, highly digestible, balanced feeds, corn oil, grass hay, pasture grasses

Answer 78

supportive therapy - fluids, flunixin meglumine polymixin B biosponge moxidectin antibiotics - if specific pathogens ice boots - if laminitis treat other horses in shared environment - anthelmintics

Answer 79

negative reaction to girth colic signs around feeding loss of appetite loss of condition poor performance dorsal recumbency for long periods teeth grinding or cribbing salivation

Answer 80

pretty much same whether in squamous or glandular part of stomach changing acid levels to ptoect lining H2 receptor agonists omeprozole protectants - don't use with omeprazole, will stop it being absorbed prostaglandin E analogues antacids gastric motility agents supportive therapy management changes - constant roughage availability limited concentrates spread food through the day minimise stress consistent routine give breaks consistent companions increased fibre minimise infection parasite control low dose omeprazole as a preventative (Expensive) avoid NSAIDs in at risk horses

Answer 81

GI - dietary change dietary indiscretion food intolerance/allergy obstruction IBD volvulus other abdominal - pancreatitis renal pyo metabolic/endocrine - diabetic ketoacidosis hypoadrenocorticism infectious - parvo feline panleukopenia giardia helminths vestibular disease toxins drugs

Answer 82

mild acute vomiting, unremarkable history and exam - just wait and see, maybe symptomatic treatment severe acute vomiting, concerning history - most likely further tests chronic vomiting - further tests

Answer 83

often waxing/waning signs could have concurrent renal azotemia with isothenuria - can cause a pre renal azotemia, easily confused with renal disease

Answer 84

supportive care prokinetics - only if rules out obstruction antiemetics - maropitant NSAIDs - often contraindicated bland diet short period of not feeding gastroprotectants omeprazole antimicrobials - not indicated unless specific diagnosis that needs tham (parvo - due to neutropenia)

Answer 85

pancreatitis urinary - lower UT obstruction, renoliths, cystitis ischemia gaseous distension obstruction - foreign body, intussuception injury - muscular, trauma mass lesion volvulus peritonitis

Answer 86

IVFT analgesia - opioids, paracetamol, gaba, CRI lidocaine and ketamine (not NSAIDs) antiemetics - maropitant feeding - tube antimicrobials - not indicated

Answer 87

critical, immediate - GDV intestinal volvulus diagphragmatic hernia acute peritonitis linear foreign body complete high foreign body obstruction ischemic bowel complete UT obtruction critical, surgery once stable - gastic dilation without volvulus gastric obstruction partial or distal intestinal obstruction partial or distal intestinal obstruction intussuception pyo pancreatic mass/abscess diagnostics - biopsies

Answer 88

winter and early spring - housed, most opportunity for diet to go wrong high yield dairy cows first month after calving concurrent disease - hypocalcemia, retained foetal membranes, twinning, endometritis, enotoxemia high concentrate , low fibre rations high or low BCS multiparous dams hosteins - big abdomen low dry matter intake

Answer 89

gravid uterus pushes rumen forwards reduced dry matter intake more space after calving rumen falls to fill new space as uterus shrinks omentum attached to abomasum stretched so able to move more abomasum moves to left dorsal

Answer 90

very recently calved toxic metritis pyrexia depression toxemia anorexia dramatically reduced milk yield recent milk fever episode profuse diarrhoea drawn up abdomen and sunken flanks prominent rubs moderate dehydration

Answer 91

more mild over 10 days in milk chronic endometritis secondary ketosis history of poor yield rather than sudden decline reduced appetite chronic weight loss slow and dull mentation usually normal temperature constipation/stiff feces

Answer 92

percussion - ping at 11-13th rib if gas fluid interface push with balled fist (succusion) - sloshing sound urine dipstick - metabolic acidosis confirmation by surgery or paracentesis of displaced abomasum contents (pH2 and no protozoa) ultrasound

Answer 93

rumen void syndrome rumen gas cap vagal indigestion oneumoperitoneum physometra

Answer 94

roll the cow - cheap but <40% effective, needs time, floorspace and 3 people laparotomy - very successful treat other conditions - ketosis, dehydration, endotoxemia, fix dietary insufficiencies toggle - roll on back and pull abomasum over and suture it to right side - risky euthanasia supportive therapy

Answer 95

prompt identification oral fluid therapy balanced diet transition nutrition prevent over fatness yard management monitor rumen fill monitor energy monitor post partum disease levels

Answer 96

dairy cow atony due to concentrate feed --> gas --> floats upward

Answer 97

dehydration elevated HR reduced feces in rectum bad smelling diarrhoea with blood in high pitched ping on right side pain - colic behaviours, lifting leg, stamping, flank watching, rolling

Answer 98

medical - buscopan - spasmolytic calcium - improved contractility of abomasum oral coffee - contractility surgery - recommended due to risk of torsion if not done euthanasia - poorer prognosis than LDA

Answer 99

more acute very fast deterioration toxemia pale mm ping empty rectum

Answer 100

euthanasia or no surgery - no other options prognosis bad

Answer 101

vagal indigestion pyloric obstruction caecal torsion perforated ulcer