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Gastrointestinal Flashcards

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1
Q

Equine Choke

A

obstruction in oesophagus - usual internal but can be external constriction

not an emergency - can tolerate for 48 hours

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2
Q

equine choke - predisposing factors

A

eating too quickly - greedy horse, irregular feeding
poor dentition
abnormal oesophageal anatomy
dry feeds
failure to soak sugar beet
inadequate water
weird shaped or large food pieces

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3
Q

equine choke - signs

A

food from nostrils
hypersalivation
retching
inappetance
colic
dullness
coughing
head down, extended neck

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4
Q

equine choke - treatment

A

sedation - detomidine/romifidine + butorphanol
NSAIDs
IV Buscopan
ACP
lower head to prevent aspiration of impacted feed

most cases resolve spontaneously

if above not working + repeated gentle lavage to soften impaction (if become distressed stop and resume in 6 hours)

if still not working - refer - endoscopy/gastroscopy, may need foreign body removal

soaked or sloppy feeds for 24 hours after resolution

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5
Q

equine choke - complications

A

aspiration penumonia - uncommon - mix of broad spectrum antibiotics and tracheal wash for c&s

ulcerated mucosa - stricture formation, repeated chokes, can form fistules

megaoesophagus - assess with radiograph, no treatment, feed balls from a height

poorer prognosis if full thickness ulceration and strictures

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6
Q

equine choke - prevention

A

adequate water provision
dampened food
cut up food small
large stones or salt blocks into feed bins for greedy horses to slow them up

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7
Q

Acute Equine peritonitis - signs

A

depression
colic
inappetence
pyrexia
reluctance to move
boarded abdomen - don’t like palpation
congested mm
tachypnoea and tachycardia
reduced gut sounds - inflammation –> ileus
reduced fecal output
diarrhoea

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8
Q

chronic equine peritonitis - signs

A

depression
chronic intermittent colic
anorexia
weight loss
ventral oedema
reduced exercise tolerance
intermittent pyrexia

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9
Q

equine peritonitis - common causes

A

colic - ischemia –> leakage into body cavity
spread of infection from other areas - liver, kidney, internal abscess
urogenital injury
internal parasite migration
iatrogenic - abdominal surgery
penetrating trauma
viral (rare)

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10
Q

equine peritonitis - pathophysiology

A

bacterial contamination
inflammation in peritoneal cavity
accumulation of peritoneal fluids
fibrin deposition on peritoneal surface
increased peritoneal permeability
toxins and bacteria in
impaired organ function and other sickness

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11
Q

equine peritonitis - DDX

A

Colic/GI disease
pleuropneumonia
post op pain
chronic inflammatory bowel disease
abdominal abcessation
abdominal neoplasia
laminitis
hemoperitoneum
uterine perforation
myopathies
pyelonephritis

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12
Q

equine peritonitis - hematology

A

acute - marked neutropenia, rebounds to increased WBCs with left shift. Increased PCV

chronic - decreased PCV (bone marrow suppression)

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13
Q

equine peritonitis - biochemistry

A

low albumin
increased blood lactate

chronic - sometimes high protein, fibrinogen

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14
Q

equine peritonitis - peritoneal fluid analysis

A

increased opacity
brown-orangey colour
smell
high total nucleated cell count
high protein

may have decreased glucose relative to blood levels
may have elevated lactate

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15
Q

equine peritonitis - ultrasound

A

guide abdominocentesis
show increased volume of fluid
may be useful in identifying underlying cause

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16
Q

equine peritonitis - treatment

A

treat underlying cause
eliminate infection - broad spectrum - penicillin, gentamycin and metronidazole - up to 6 weeks
reverse hypovolemic and endotoxic shock
correct fluid and electrloyte abnormalities - fluids
NSAIDs - flunixin meglumine
nasogastric tube - analgesia via decompression of ileus
correct dehydration and pypoproteinemia - fluids (colloids/plasma if hypoproteinemia)
nutritional support

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17
Q

cyathostomiasis - signs

A

varying severity
rapid weight loss
diarrhoea
ventral oedema
abdominal pain
endotoxemia signs
colic signs
rapid death

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18
Q

cyathostomiasis - pathogenesis

A

mass emergence L3
lymphocyte infiltration
oedema, haemorrhage, ulceration
inflamed mucosa
increased permeability and protein loss to intestinal lumen
altered motility –> diarrhoea and abdominal pain

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19
Q

cyathostomiasis - risk factors

A

large numbers of encysted larvae
most common in late winter/early spring
young horse
poor pasture management
ineffective anthelmintic treatment
ivermectin in horses with heavy encysted burdens
anthelmintic resistance

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20
Q

cyathostomiasis - diagnosis

A

neutrophilia
hypoalbuminemia
FEC - not so useful
small red worm ELISA - can’t confirm but can rule it out

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21
Q

cyathostomiasis - treatment

A

supportive - for fluid and protein loss
anti inflammatories
prednisolone - immune system suppression
anthelmintics
antibiotics if infection

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22
Q

cyathostomiasis - prevention

A

poo picking
pasture management
monitoring and treatment
changing anthelmintics used
fecal egg count reduction tests to monitor drug efficacy

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23
Q

signs of neonatal diarrhoea in foals

A

wet tail and diarrhoea on hindlimbs
hair loss around rear
dullness
reduced nursing
abdominal distention
colic
bruxism
pyrexia to hypothermia
hypovolemia/hypotension/bacteremia
tachycardia
weak pulses
tachypnoea
cool extremities - if really dehydrated
recumbant
death

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24
Q

viral causes of neonatal diarrhoea in foals

A

rotavirus
coronavirus

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25
Q

rotavirus in foals

A

more severe in younger foals
most commonly detected infectious agent in foals
tips of villi destroyed - can’t digest milk
continue having diarrhoea after resolved - develop degree of lactose intolerance
highly contagious

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26
Q

bacterial causes of neonatal diarrhoea in foals

A

clostridia
e coli
salmonella
lawsonia intracellularis

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27
Q

clostridia in foals

A

difficile and perfringens
toxin producing strains
risk factors - previous antibiotic use, stress
can cause severe haemorrhagic enterocolitis in foals - rapid progression and high mortality - more common in younger foals
zoonotic

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28
Q

salmonella in foals

A

diarhoea and septicemia
pyrexia and inappetence
monitor for sepsis and bacteremia
joint ill, uveitis, naval ill, osteomyelitis - spread to other body systems - generalised sepsis
all neonates with salmonellosis should be treated with antibiotics
zoonotic

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29
Q

lawsonia intracellularis in foals

A

weaning age foals
wildlife reservoir - rodents etc
shed for 1-3 weeks, can live in environment for a few weeks
quick loss of condition after weaning
rapid protein loss
peripheral oedema
can use pig vaccine rectally in horses for prevention

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30
Q

rhodococcus equi in foals

A

primarily respiratory - ‘rattles’
rarely - enterocolitis, abscess, peritonitis, and hepatitis

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31
Q

GI parasites in foals

A

uncommon
strongylus westeri
cryptosporidium parvum

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32
Q

septicemia in foals

A

only common in really young foals - 0-14 days

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33
Q

non infectious causes of diarrhoea in foals

A

foal heat diarhoea
perinatal asphyxiation syndrome
necrotising enteritis
nutrition/luminal irritants
gastric ulceration

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34
Q

foal heat diarrhoea

A

really common
not really a problem
occurs around same time mare returns to oestrus
self-limiting
loose feces but bright and still suckling
0-14 days

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35
Q

perinatal asphyxiation syndrome in foals

A

risk factors - dystocia, inadequate oxygen during delivery
enterocytes prone to problems with reduced oxygen
diarrhoea
intolerance of milk
0-14 days

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36
Q

necrotising enterocolitis in foals

A

complex interaction of immature GI mucosa, bacterial infiltration
don’t like being fed
poor prognosis - usually die soon after birth
0-14 days

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37
Q

nutritional/luminal irritant causes of foal diarrhoea

A

ingestion of abnormal materials
incorrect formulation of milk replacers
from after 2 weeks

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38
Q

gastric ulceration in foals

A

diarrhoea
foals over 2 months

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39
Q

diagnosis of foal diarrhoea

A

clinical exam and history - age important, how hydrated, are they suckling

h&b -
PCV and TP - hydration
inflammatory markers - infection
renal enzymes - dehydration –> renal injury
proteins

IgG testing - maternal antibody transfer

fecal testing -
tests based on most likely infectious agents based on age
looking for toxins, not particular bacteria

abdominal ultrasound -
intestinal wall thickening
umbilical structures - key centre for infection

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40
Q

treatment foal diarrhoea

A

fluids - enteral in mild cases with no reflux, systemic if hypovolemic
NB - not tolerant of high sodium levels -start with lactated ringers

monitor electrolyte imbalances and acid base disturbances

antibiotics -
always if under 2 weeks
check kidneys first
salmonella - ampicillin
clostridia - metronidazole
lawsonia - oxytetracycline, macrolides

analgesia -
NSAIDs
butorphanol
buscopan

gastric ulcer therapy - sucrealfate

nutritional support -
come off milk for 24 hours (with fluids)

intestinal binding agenst - bind clostridial toxins

lactase - replace loss in rotavirus

probiotics - not recommended in foals

nursing care

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41
Q

infectious causes of diarrhoea in calves

A

salmonella
enterotoxic e coli
rotavirus
BVD
Coronavirus

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42
Q

parasitic causes of diarrhoea in calves

A

coccidia - eimeria
cryptosporidium

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43
Q

salmonella in calves

A

dublin
more dairy than suckler
2-6 weeks
high morbidity and mortality
dullness, anorexia, off food
grey, pasty feces with blood and mucous, foul smelling
can also get penumonia or meningitis as primary presenting sign
surviving calves often grow poorly
zoonotic

treatment - fluids, electrolytes, antibiotics
vaccine

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44
Q

enterotoxic e coli in calves

A

k99 antigen
toxin draws fluid into the gut
first few days of life
yellow white diarrhoea
quickly dehydrated and recumbent

vaccine - cover e coli, rotavirus and coronavirus

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45
Q

rotavirus in calves

A

high mortality
just over a week old
watery green/yellow feces
concurrent infection makes it worse - usually crypto
collapse, dehydration, sunken eyes, skin tent

prevention - colostrum and pen management

zoonotic

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46
Q

BVD in calves

A

can develop into mucosal disease

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47
Q

coccidia in calves

A

eimeria spp
villous atrophy - failure to absorb
diarrhoea with mucous and fresh blood
straining - discomfort –> rectal prolapse
normal temp
can become chronic
sporulated oocysts retained in environment

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48
Q

cryptosporidium in calves

A

crypto parvum
only a few oocysts needed
retained in environment
4-6 weeks to 6 months (older calves)
associated with intensive stocking and poor hygiene
increased risk in mixed age groups

treatment - halofuginone
prevention - regular moving feed and water troughs, bedding management, cleaning and disinfection of all buildings with product that kills oocysts

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49
Q

severe summer scour in calves

A

recent observation
don’t know cause
rapid BCS loss
diarrhoea
3-12 months
during summer

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50
Q

salmonella in pigs

A

typhmurium
may be subclinical
weaners (4 weeks) and growers
zoonotic
acute - high temp and yellow to bloody diarrhoea
can become carriers
necrotic ear tips

can lead to rectal stricture –> euthanasia

resists drying in feces in the environment - exist for years in dust

prevention - hygiene, isolation, rodents, birds, pasteurised feed, cull chronically infected

carried on tonsils and in caecum
foodborne infection to people in pork
ELISA on pork juice at abattoir

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51
Q

infectious causes of diarrhoea in sheep

A

e coli - watery mouth
salmonella
clostridium perfringens B - lamb dystentery
coccidia - eimeria
cryptosporidium
various parasitic worms
rotavirus

52
Q

dental nerve blocks

A

infraorbital - into infraorbital foramen, between gum and lip - anaesthetises from maxillary 3rd premolar to incisors

mental (rostral mandibular) - into mental foramen, inside lip under root of 1st mandibular premolar - anaesthetises mandibular front teeth

caudal maxillary - under zygomatic arch, perpendicular to palate behind second maxillary premolar - caudal maxilla to first incisor including palatal bone

ideally mepivicaine
care with lidocaine in cats - not IV, toxic

53
Q

non hepatic causes of raised liver enzymes

A

diabetes mellitus
hyperthyroidism
pancreatitis
IBD
systemic infections (eg dental disease)

54
Q

liver enzymes

A

ALT - liver only - liver cell damage
ALP - liver (cholestatic/billiary) and bones - liver specific in cats - billary or cholangic disease
billirubin - RBC breakdown - liver or bile duct
Bile acid stimulation test - liver function

55
Q

Ddx - elevated ALT in cats

A

liver disease
toxins
pancreatitis
diabetes
hyperthyroidism
systemic infection
lymphoma
malnutrition

56
Q

causes of diarrhoea in adult small animals

A

dietary indiscretion
parasites
endocrine
allergy
obstruction
IBD
lymphoma

57
Q

food allergy diarrhoea in small animals

A

symptomatic management
usually chronic diarrhoea
exclusion diet - diagnosis and treatment
single novel protein
no treats, flavoured medications, or toothpaste
rapid response - 2-3 days - quicker than skin allergy response
12 weeks before rechallenging

58
Q

infectious diarrhoea small animal adults

A

parasites
protozoa - giardia, cryptosporidium
viruses - parvo, distemper, enteric coronavirus
bacteria - clostridium perfringens, salmonella, toxoplasmosis, tritrichomonas, clostridium jejuni

fecal culture - not useful
pathogen panels - different depending on species

treatment depending on cause - fenbendazole - giardia or mic worms, most endoparasites, not isospora
mild bacterial - supportive care only
bacteremia, acute diarrhoea - amoxyclav
campylobacter - erythromycin
clostridium - metronidazole
avoid broad spectrum
viral - fluids, antiemetics if vomiting, antibiotic if secondary infection or septicemia
FIV, FeLV, parvo - virbagen omega (recombinant feline interferon)

supportive care - fluid, nutritional support, probiotics

59
Q

IBD - adult diarrhoea - small animals

A

persistent GI signs
histological evidence of intestinal inflammation
no response to diet trial

immunosuppression treatment - preds
ongoing treatment
ciclosporin if not reactive to preds
highly digestible diet
folate and cobalain supplementation
pre- pro- and post-biotics - manage dysbiosis
metronidazole in severe cases

60
Q

lymphangiectasia - diarrhoea - small animals

A

ddx for protein losing enteropathy

causes - congenital, obstructive neoplasia, secondary to hypertension

lymph build up in vessels, leaks across enteric mucosa
poor prognosis

management - low fat high protein diet, supplementation ADEK vitamins, preds, metronidazole if secondary infection

61
Q

granulomatous colitis - adult diarrhoea - small animals

A

in predisposed breed <2 years old
inflammation and invasive e coli
baytril (fluoroquinolone) - 4-8 weeks
confirm before antibiosis

62
Q

antibiotic responsive diarrhoea - adult small animals

A

metronidazole or tylosin - 4-6 weeks
not common
diagnosis of exclusion

dietary support - highly digestible, low fat, high fibre
supplements - pre-, pro– and post-biotics

fecal microbial transplantation - probably won’t ever actually do this

63
Q

neoplasia - adult diarrhoea - small animal

A

lymphoma most common
adenocarcinoma and mast cell also reported

signs -
chronic progressive diarrhoea
palpable mass
hypoalbuminemia
weight loss

ultrasound - loss of layering

treatment -
focal masses, no mets - mass resection and end to end anastomoses
diffuse masses - chemo
complete remission possible with t cell lymphosarcoma
palliative care - preds, nutritional support, anti emetics, appetite stimulants

64
Q

extraintestinal causes adult diarrhoa

A

pancreatitis
triaditis
endocrine - addisons, hyperthryroidusm
hepatic
renal
cardiac
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
drug induced

65
Q

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

not producing pancreatic digestive enzymes
idiopathic or from chronic pancreatitis
lack of enzymes –> maldigestion

diagnosis - TLI - trypsin like immunoreactivity

treatment - enzyme replacement, highly digestible diet, cobalamin/B12 supplementation

66
Q

drug induced adult diarrhoea

A

NSAIDs - prostglandin inhibition leading to loss of protective covering

antibiotics - disruption of biome

antifungals and chemo - cytotoxic

67
Q

short bowel syndrome - cause of diarrhoea

A

secondary to surgery
fat restricted diet
supplementation - vitamins and minerals
metronidazole for intestinal bacterial overgrowth

68
Q

root causes diarrhoea - adult horse

A

disruption of mucosal barrier
altered motility
hypersecretion of fluid

69
Q

infectious causes of acute diarrhoea - horse

A

salomella
clostridia
cyathostomins - usually more chronic
equine coronavirus
potomac horse fever

70
Q

non-infectious causes of acute diarrhoea - horse

A

drug related - NSAIDs, antibiotics - usually more chronic
toxins - acorns
carbohydrate overload
dietary change

71
Q

salmonellosis - adult diarrhoea - horse

A

opportunisitic infection
healthy horses still shed a bit of salmonella
severe, acute enterocolitis
pyrexia
pronounced neutropenia - main thing
zoonotic

risk factors - recent colic, recent GA, antibiotic therapy, stress, concurrent infection, immunosuppression

most horses not badly affected

72
Q

clostridia - adult diarrhoea - horse

A

normal intestinal flora
c. difficile - toxigenic
range from moderate diarrhoea to rapidly fatal peracute colitis

zoonotic - significant cause of diarrhoea in humans

73
Q

coronavirus - adult diarrhoea, horse

A

common in foals
can see encephalitis signs (mentation changes) - secondary to hyperammonemia

74
Q

blood testing - adult diarrhoea - horse

A

hydration, electrolyte, acid base disturbances - low electrolytes, metabolic acidosis
PCV/TP - hydration - PCV <45% associated with decreased survival
initial leukopenia
pre renal or renal azotemia - from dehydration
elevated blood lactate - dehydration or endotoxemia
decreased TP or albumin - can be masked by dehydration

75
Q

fecal analysis - adult diarrhoea - horse

A

PCR for specific pathogens - salmonella intermediate shedding so needs multiple samples
culture - not reliable
toxin ELISA - clostridia
abdominal US - wall thickness, distension, fluid
abdominal radiography - sand enteropathy, obstruction

76
Q

treatment - acute adult diarrhoea - horse

A

flunixin meglumine - anti inflammatory
fluid therapy - dehydration, assess proteins, low proteins may have been being masked by dehydration
laminitis prophylaxis - ice boots
anti endotoxemix medications - intestinal binding agents, polymixin B
anti microbials - usually now, clostridia can use metronidazole, use if evidence of sepsis or in potomac

77
Q

chronic adult diarrhoea - horse

A

minimum 7-14 days
persistent or intermittent

signs -
weight loss
oedema
pyrexia
colic
inappetence
depression
reduced gut sounds

78
Q

causes of chronic adult diarrhoea - horse

A

cyathostomins/parasites
lawsonia
chronic salmonella
peritonitis
idiopathic
dietary
IBD
sand enteropathy
NSAID toxicity - mucosal ulceration and right colon oedema
neoplasia
secondary to other chronic disease - hepatic, renal, CHF, hyperlipemia

79
Q

diagnosis - chronic adult diarrhoea - horse

A

history - age, worming, NSAIDs, soil type

bloods -
PCV - anemia
WBC
hypoproteinemia
electrolyte imbalance
signs of other systemic disease - liver, kidney etc

fecal -
fibre length - mastication
FWEC
PCR - salmonella, lawsonia

dental - mastication

US - wall thickness and fluid

rectal - lymph nodes, thickening

abdominocentesis -
increased WBC - inflammation
increased protein - peritonitis

radiograph - sand enteropathy

Biopsy - IBD/neoplasia

80
Q

treatment - chronic adult diarrhoea - horse

A

depending on underlying cause
codeine phosphate - decreases fecal water content
diet change
antimicrobials - only for lawsonia and peritonitis
cilium - sand enteropathy, pushes sand through bowel
stop any drugs causing adverse effects (eg NSAIDs)

81
Q

sub acute ruminal acidosis

A

–> metabolic acidosis

economic costs - reduced production, decreased efficiency production, premature culling, increased fatalities

common sequelae - rumenitis, metabolic acidosis, reduced dry matter intake, abomasal displacement, ulcers, laminitis, bloating, reduced fertility

risk factors - early lactation with high energy rations introduced too quickly, mid lactation with high feed intake

signs -
bright yellow sour smelling feces
foamy diarrhoea with gas bubbles and undigested fibre
can be intermittent

82
Q

acute acidosis

A

sudden overload of carbohydrates

signs -
colic signs - restlessness
distended abdomen - bloat
weakness
ataxia
teeth grinding
anorexia
increased resp rate - due to metabolic acidosis
profuse watery diarrhoea - after 24 hours

high fatality

treatment -
fluids
antibiotics
IV vitamins
surgery - probably won’t bother

83
Q

salmonellosis - adult diarrhoea - farm animals

A

salmonella dublin
more common in dairy

signs -
abortion - late pregnancy
diarrhoea
milk drop
acute or chronic

recovered animals become carriers and shed intermittently
can survive up to 6 years in dry feces
zoonotic

vaccine

bulk milk testing

on farm hygiene and biosec important

84
Q

johne’s disease - adult diarrhoea - farm animal

A

mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis

chronic
can shed before clinical signs
4 stages - silent, subclinical, clinical, advanced (diarrhoea at advanced stage)

chronic granulomatous enteritis - bacteria infects macrophages of peyers patches
inflammatory cell infiltration into intestinal wall –> thickening and destruction of villi

earlier infection - worse subsequent lesions
in utero infection possible

decreased yield, mastitis, infertility - may be culled for these without realised it’s johnes

85
Q

BVD - adult diarrhoea - farm

A

diarrhoea, respiratory, reproductive, mucosal disease
immunosuppression
drop in production
abortion and persistently infected calves

infection in utero -
1 month - early abortion
2-4 months - persistent infection
5-9 months - abortion, congenital abnormalities

persistently infected - main source of infection for rest of herd, continual shedding, poor growth, prone to other infections, often die, eventually get mucosal disease

mucosal disease - only in persistenyl infected, tongue ulcerations

vaccine
remove persistently infected - testing optional, but culling compulsory once identified

86
Q

malignant catharral fever - adult diarrhoea - farm

A

ovine herpes virus

depression
anorexia
pyrexia
photophobia
oral stomatitis
corneal opacity
usually sporadic

fatal at 7-10 days

ddx - mucosal disease, bluetongue

87
Q

winter dysentery - adult diarrhoea - farm

A

bovine coronavirus
watery diarrhoea with dark blood
winter housing season
anorexia and severe milk drop

usually recover in a few days, can give supportive treatment

88
Q

ovine johnes - adult diarrhoea - farm

A

chronic weight loss
often culled as barren ewes due to infertility without knowing they have it
dirrhoea in late stages
hypoalbuminemia
ELISA

vaccine available

89
Q

uneaten cecotrophs - non traditional companion animals

A

frequently confused with diarrhoea

causes -
inappropriate diet - low fibre, high carb, too much protein
obesity
dental disease
MSK disease - not wanting to bend to eat them
upper resp tract disease - can’t smell them
urinary tract disease

90
Q

enterotoxemia - non traditional companion animals

A

clostridia or e coli
enterotoxins –> enteritis
severe watery diarrhoea
quiet
GI pain
dehydration
peracute - collapse and death

risk factors -
low fibre, high carb, excessive protein predisposes
after antibiotics - predispose to bacterial overgrowth

diagnosis -
fecal gram stain
signs and history (antibiotics)
post mortem

ddx -
infectious enteritis
mucoid enteropathy
megacolon

treatment -
supportive care - fluid (care in rabbits, can cause pleural oedema), termperature control, nutritional support, probiotics, high fibre supplement
pain relief - opioid
spasmolytics
metronidazole - clostridia
cholestyramine - binds toxins

prevention -
care with antibiotic selection
supplements
appropriate diet

91
Q

ddx diarrhoea in small mammals - non traditional companion animals

A

infectious enteritis - all species
mucoid enteropathy - rabbits
megacolon - rabbits
heavy metal toxicity - all species

92
Q

beak trimming - birds

A

only indicated if overgrowth or malformed - not routine maintenance
correct overgrowth with husbandry
malformation can be congenital or acquired

causes of acquired malformation -
trauma
liver disease
kidney disease

93
Q

regurgitation - birds

A

behavioural regurg - normal mating behaviour in psittacines - can end up doing if try to pair bond with owner

treatment -
avoid sexual behaviour - fully body stroking, feeding from mouth
reqard only non sexual behaviours
increased enrichment
increase interactions with other people
reduce environmental stimulus - decreased day length, lower calorie diet

94
Q

sour crop - birds

A

common
disruption of normal crop flora
candida overgrowth

risk factors -
inappropriate diet
antibiotics
GI stasis (delaying crop emptying)

diagnosis -
clinical signs
abundant yeast on crop cytology

treatment -
crop emptying and flushing
treat underlying conditions
oral anti fungals
supportive care - probiotics, GI stimulants, metaclopramide

95
Q

crop impaction - birds

A

ingestion of long grass, hay or string
GI hypomotility

treatment -
flushing - not too useful, risk of aspiration
ingluviotomy

96
Q

green urates - birds

A

biliverdinuria
liver disease –> increased biliverdin –> green urates
can look like diarrhoea
hematology and biochem for liver dysfunction, WBC changes, globulin changes

treatment - depends on cause - heavy metal poisoning, chlamydia causing hepatitis

97
Q

undigested food in feces - birds

A

usually lower GI disease
differentiate from seed spilled on feces
due to malabsorption

diagnosis -
history
fecal exam - cytology, parasites, c&s (mycobacterium), imaging (US difficult because of air sacs), specific disease testing

98
Q

post hibernation anorexia - tortoises

A

poor hibernation practice
insufficient temperature control - run down glucose waking up repeatedly
excessive length of hibernation - leukopenia on waking (Red plastron) - don’t make WBCs during hibernation

hematology - low WBC
biochem - high uric acid

treatment -
correct dehydration - feeding before urinate can cause refeeding syndrome - 2 maintenance until urine then 1x
antibiotics - injectable
supportive feeding - o tube

prevention -
health check before hibernation
prepration temperature
close monitoring
temperature control during hibernation
limit hibernation length - max 3 months, start 2 weeks with juveniles and increase by one week per year

99
Q

constipation in reptiles

A

infrequent defacation common but only normal in species that don’t eat often

causes -
inappropriate diet
inappropriate substrate
not enough exercise
low calcium due to UVB provision
lack of fibre
parasites
systemic disease
hypercalcemia (metabolic bone disease)

treatment -
KY enema and water
bathing
fluid therapy
treat underlying disease

prevention -
husbandry
maintain hydration

100
Q

IBD types - horses

A

Lymphocytic plasmocytic enteritis
Eosinophilic
Granulomatous
Multicentric eosinophilic
Lymphosarcoma
Undifferentiated

101
Q

treatment IBD - horses

A

corticosteroids
anthelmintics
environmental changes
dietary changes - high protein, highly digestible, balanced feeds, corn oil, grass hay, pasture grasses

102
Q

treatment cyathostomins - horses

A

supportive therapy - fluids, flunixin meglumine
polymixin B
biosponge
moxidectin
antibiotics - if specific pathogens
ice boots - if laminitis

treat other horses in shared environment - anthelmintics

103
Q

clinical signs - gastric ulceration - equine

A

negative reaction to girth
colic signs around feeding
loss of appetite
loss of condition
poor performance
dorsal recumbency for long periods
teeth grinding or cribbing
salivation

104
Q

gastric ulceration treatment - horses

A

pretty much same whether in squamous or glandular part of stomach

changing acid levels to ptoect lining
H2 receptor agonists
omeprozole
protectants - don’t use with omeprazole, will stop it being absorbed
prostaglandin E analogues
antacids
gastric motility agents
supportive therapy

management changes -
constant roughage availability
limited concentrates
spread food through the day
minimise stress
consistent routine
give breaks
consistent companions
increased fibre
minimise infection
parasite control
low dose omeprazole as a preventative (Expensive)
avoid NSAIDs in at risk horses

105
Q

causes of vomiting

A

GI -
dietary change
dietary indiscretion
food intolerance/allergy
obstruction
IBD
volvulus

other abdominal -
pancreatitis
renal
pyo

metabolic/endocrine -
diabetic ketoacidosis
hypoadrenocorticism

infectious -
parvo
feline panleukopenia
giardia
helminths

vestibular disease

toxins

drugs

106
Q

vomiting - when to test

A

mild acute vomiting, unremarkable history and exam - just wait and see, maybe symptomatic treatment

severe acute vomiting, concerning history - most likely further tests

chronic vomiting - further tests

107
Q

hypoadrenocorticism - vomiting

A

often waxing/waning signs
could have concurrent renal
azotemia with isothenuria - can cause a pre renal azotemia, easily confused with renal disease

108
Q

interventions - common causes of vomiting

A

supportive care
prokinetics - only if rules out obstruction
antiemetics - maropitant
NSAIDs - often contraindicated
bland diet
short period of not feeding
gastroprotectants
omeprazole

antimicrobials - not indicated unless specific diagnosis that needs tham (parvo - due to neutropenia)

109
Q

causes of abdominal pain

A

pancreatitis
urinary - lower UT obstruction, renoliths, cystitis
ischemia
gaseous distension
obstruction - foreign body, intussuception
injury - muscular, trauma
mass lesion
volvulus
peritonitis

110
Q

treatment - pancreatitis

A

IVFT
analgesia - opioids, paracetamol, gaba, CRI lidocaine and ketamine (not NSAIDs)
antiemetics - maropitant
feeding - tube
antimicrobials - not indicated

111
Q

surgical intervention for abdominal pain

A

critical, immediate -
GDV
intestinal volvulus
diagphragmatic hernia
acute peritonitis
linear foreign body
complete high foreign body obstruction
ischemic bowel
complete UT obtruction

critical, surgery once stable -
gastic dilation without volvulus
gastric obstruction
partial or distal intestinal obstruction
partial or distal intestinal obstruction
intussuception
pyo
pancreatic mass/abscess

diagnostics - biopsies

112
Q

LDA risk factors

A

winter and early spring - housed, most opportunity for diet to go wrong
high yield dairy cows
first month after calving
concurrent disease - hypocalcemia, retained foetal membranes, twinning, endometritis, enotoxemia
high concentrate , low fibre rations
high or low BCS
multiparous dams
hosteins - big abdomen
low dry matter intake

113
Q

LDA pathophysiology

A

gravid uterus pushes rumen forwards
reduced dry matter intake
more space after calving
rumen falls to fill new space as uterus shrinks
omentum attached to abomasum stretched so able to move more
abomasum moves to left dorsal

114
Q

acute LDA

A

very recently calved
toxic metritis
pyrexia
depression
toxemia
anorexia
dramatically reduced milk yield
recent milk fever episode
profuse diarrhoea
drawn up abdomen and sunken flanks
prominent rubs
moderate dehydration

115
Q

chronic LDA

A

more mild
over 10 days in milk
chronic endometritis
secondary ketosis
history of poor yield rather than sudden decline
reduced appetite
chronic weight loss
slow and dull mentation
usually normal temperature
constipation/stiff feces

116
Q

LDA diagnosis

A

percussion - ping at 11-13th rib if gas fluid interface
push with balled fist (succusion) - sloshing sound
urine dipstick - metabolic acidosis
confirmation by surgery or paracentesis of displaced abomasum contents (pH2 and no protozoa)
ultrasound

117
Q

ddx LDA

A

rumen void syndrome
rumen gas cap
vagal indigestion
oneumoperitoneum
physometra

118
Q

LDA treatment

A

roll the cow - cheap but <40% effective, needs time, floorspace and 3 people

laparotomy - very successful

treat other conditions - ketosis, dehydration, endotoxemia, fix dietary insufficiencies

toggle - roll on back and pull abomasum over and suture it to right side - risky

euthanasia

supportive therapy

119
Q

prevention LDA

A

prompt identification
oral fluid therapy
balanced diet
transition nutrition
prevent over fatness
yard management
monitor rumen fill
monitor energy
monitor post partum disease levels

120
Q

RDA risk factors

A

dairy cow
atony due to concentrate feed –> gas –> floats upward

121
Q

RDA exam

A

dehydration
elevated HR
reduced feces in rectum
bad smelling diarrhoea with blood in
high pitched ping on right side
pain - colic behaviours, lifting leg, stamping, flank watching, rolling

122
Q

RDA treatment

A

medical -
buscopan - spasmolytic
calcium - improved contractility of abomasum
oral coffee - contractility

surgery - recommended due to risk of torsion if not done

euthanasia - poorer prognosis than LDA

123
Q

RDA with torsion signs

A

more acute
very fast deterioration
toxemia
pale mm
ping
empty rectum

124
Q

RDA with torsion treatment

A

euthanasia or no surgery - no other options

prognosis bad

125
Q

RDA with torsion ddx

A

vagal indigestion
pyloric obstruction
caecal torsion
perforated ulcer

126
Q
A

CMS - term 1 (15 decks)

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