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Dermatology Flashcards

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1
Q

triggers for pruritus

A

ectoparasites
atopic dermatitis - mite proteins, pollens, moulds, microbes
food - hypersenstivity
contact allergens
drugs

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2
Q

atopic dermatitis pathogenesis

A

inherited disposition to develop type 1 hypersensitivity
predisposition to epidermal barrier defects

cytokines - bind to antigens and trigger pruritic and inflammatory porcesses
t helper cells - produce IgE to allergen - sensitisation to future exposures
Mast cells - degranulate and release histamine and heparin
JAK pathways - IL31 released by th2 cells, bind to receptors on neuronal cells, neuronal signal to brain to trigger itch perception (direct nerve stimulation bypassing mast cell process) - won’t respond to intradermal allergy test

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3
Q

glucocorticoids for pruritis - options

A

prednisolone, methyprednisolone

oral - effects in 10-30 mins after adminstration - daily dose then reduce to lowest effective dose

parenteral - rapid or slow absorption - effects last a few days for rapid and a few weeks for slower

injectable - longer acting (6-8) weeks but higher risk of HPA axis suppression, poorer dose control

topical - for pruritus in small area or short term treatment (wear gloves), may also contain antibiotic
hydorcortisone aceponate - spray, converted to more potent steroid in skin but less systemic absorption and less skin thinning, licensed to 7 days

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4
Q

glucocorticoids for pruritis - method of action

A

bypass cell membranes to bind to high affinity glucocorticoid receptors in cytoplasm (all cells)

migrate to nucleus and induce transcription of anti-inflammatory proteins

decreased production of inflammatory cytokines, enzymes and receptors

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5
Q

glucocorticoids for pruritis - side effects

A

dose dependent side effects
immune suppression - only want anti-inflammatory doses - increased infection risk
short term - PUPD, polyphagia, panting

liver problems
bladder infections
skin - thinning, pyoderma, calcinosis cutis
suppression of HPA axis - reliance –> addisonian crisis (taper, never stop suddenly)
diabetes mellitus
muscle wasting
gastric ulcer
hair loss

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6
Q

glucocorticoids for pruritis - when to use

A

severe flare up - short term
seasonal allergies
when other treatment options tried and not working
financial constraints

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7
Q

ciclosporin - method of action

A

calcineurin inhibitor - calcineurin mediated release of cytokines and histamine

enters t lymphocytes and binds cyclophilin A
inhibits function to inhibit calcineurin mediated release of cytokines and histamine
stops inflammation before it starts

slower to effect than steroids - 4-8 weeks to full effect, 8 weeks minimum trial advised before giving up

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8
Q

ciclosporin - forms available

A

atopica - oral capsule for cats and dogs
liquid oral version for cats
tacrolismus - topical - unlicensed in small animals, hard to get and epxnsive. But minimal side effects and can be helpful in small hairless areas

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9
Q

ciclosporin - side effects

A

immunosuppression - may effect function of other t cells - avoid for 2 weeks either side of live vaccination
some diarrhoea, musea, vomiting, anorexia - usually settles quickly but if doesn’t then won’t at all - GI tolerance sometimes better with food

less side effects than steroids

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10
Q

ciclosporin - contraindications

A

not in dogs <6months or <2kg
not in breeding, pregnant or lactating dogs
not in animals with history of malignant disroders - suppression of t cells needed to supress neoplasia, doesn’t cause cancer but can increase incidence of clinically apparent neoplasoa
not in diabetics - may affect ciculating insulin
care in renal insufficiency

not with drugs affecting CYP450 pathway - can affect bioavailability

cats - test for FeLV, FIV and toxoplasmosis, when treating keep inside or make it hard for them to hunt (closing in, bells) - avoid chance of getting toxo - more likely to develop signs of toxoplasmosis if infected

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11
Q

apoquel (oclactinab) - method of action

A

rapid onset (24 hours - 1 week)

JAK inhibitor - inhibitis JAK1 and JAK3 to inhibit IL31
prevents direct nerve stimulation of nerves causing pruritis

doesn’t need tapering
if using long term then monitor (less data) - yearly hematology and biochem

can be used with intradermal testing - doesn’t interfere with IgE

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12
Q

apoquel (oclactimab) - contraindications and side effects

A

not many side effects - occassional nausea and diarrhoea

not in dogs under 1 year old
not if immunosuppressed
not if history of malignant neoplasia
not if pregnant, lactating or in breeding males (untested)
long term - yearly testing (haematology and biochem)

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13
Q

Cytopoint (lokivetmab) - mechanism of action

A

IL31 caninised monoclonal antibody

mimic response to disease
highly selective antibodies, bind to IL31
prevents IL31 extracellularly and prevents binding to receptor
prevents downstream process

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14
Q

cytopoint (lokivetmab) - benefits and contraindications

A

limited impact on normal immune function

eliminated via normal protein elimination pathways like own antibodies - broken down by lysosome into amino acids that are utilised elsewhere (limited renal or hepatic involvement)

long half life - injection every 28 days

fast acting - 8 hours, full efficacy 1-3 days

can be used with concurrent disease, and alongside vaccinations

only dogs - caninised so would act as foreign body in other species

not tested in dogs under 3kgs

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15
Q

Antihistamines - mechanism of action

A

blocks histamine receptors
prevents histamine release

slight sedative effect so may just be not itching because drowsy

not much better effect proved than placebo

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16
Q

Antihistamines - other points

A

cats may be more likely to get hurt if drowsy out and about
try one for a few weeks before switching
none licensed in animals
may allow reduced dosage of other drugs

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17
Q

other therapies to use in combination for pruritus

A

essential fatty acids - improved skin barrier function (2-3 months to efficacy, need to build up)
allergen specific immunotherapy
medicated shampoos - 1-2x weekly, adequate contact time - anti-infective anti-inflammatory, moisture adding

physical prevention of self trauma - buster collars, body suits, monitoring

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18
Q

horse dermatological exam - nature of lesions

A

nature and distribution
extent/severity
changes with treatment
pruritus or pain
state of coat

feel as well as see
do exam in good light - outside not in dark stable

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19
Q

causes of pruritus - equine - lice

A

common
young or geriatric
grouped in barns
long coats
not groomed so often

very itchy

very contagious
spread by direct contact
host specific obligate parasite but can live on rugs for a while

tail and mane
moth eaten appearance
hair loss
visible lice (magnifying glass)
self trauma from pruritus

topical treatment wash - clip first
treat all horses, not just itching ones

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20
Q

causes of pruritus - equine - allergic skin disease

A

hypersensitivies - sweet itch + other, food, equine atopy
novel exclusion diet to distinguish between food allergy and atopy
lucerne nuts or timothy hay for 4-6 weeks then gradual reintroduction

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21
Q

Sweet itch

A

culicoides hypersensitivity

warm, moist areas - midges
manage midge exposure - keep in at dusk and dawn, away from bodies of water, full body rugs, netting in stables, fans in stables

lesions over tailhead and neck - bald patches
hyperkeratosis for rubbing
oozing or bleeding]secondary bacterial infection
abnormal behaviour - discomfort

usually presents around 3-4 years old or after location change
geritable component

diagnosis - clinical signs and seasonality, response to management, serology and intradermal testing (low sensitivity and specificity)

treatment - prevent exposure, shampoo to soothe skin and repair barrier, manage itching and secondary infections

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22
Q

sweet itch therapies

A

benzyl benzoate and permetrhin - reduce how often midges land
anti-inflammatories - corticosteroids - hydrocortisone, triamcinlone, betametasone
antihistamines - hydroxyzine hydropchloride - human tablets, horses need a lot
systemic injection - ringworm vaccine before midge season (mostly anecdotal)

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23
Q

urticaria - equine

A

common
lots of lumps
multiple causes - allergy, bites/stings/snake bites, infection, infestation, drug reaction, vaccines, plants, transfusion reaction, vasculitis

doesn’t tend to bother the horse but could be itchy and make riding uncomfortable depending on positioning

can go away on their own - there and gone in 24 hours
H1 antihistamine receptor blockers or centrally acting tricyclic drugs
if doesn’t go away with treatment then may need biopsy

if chronic need to find cause

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24
Q

urticaria - equine - ddx

A

dermatophyte infection - eliminate with fingal PCR
insect bites
erythema multiforme
contact hypersensitivity
infectious and immune mediated disease

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25
Q

paster dermatitis (mud fever) - equine

A

predisposing, primary and perpetuating factors
secondary to damage to skin barrier - allow bacteria in

moisture from wet mud, sweat, mites, photosensitisation, disruption to immune system
could be secondary to systemic disease - eg photosensitisation from liver disease
common on white legs and with more feathers (draught horses)

often long standing cases so not obvious cause
oedema
erythema
scaling, exudate, matting/crusting
very painful on palpation

bacterial swabs
hair brushings
skin scrapes
skin biopsy

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26
Q

management - pastern dermatitis

A

identify cuase
keep skin clean and dry and out of wet mud
cut feathers on legs
keep white areas covered if photosensitisation
clip affected area
bathe with antiseptic shampoo
rinse and dry thoroughly
remove crusts and scabs
antibacterial or corticosteroid treatment

may need to sedate - very uncomfortable

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27
Q

antifungal treatment - equine

A

lime sulphur dips

localised dermatophytes and mites

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28
Q

antibacterial (topical) treatment - equine

A

silver sulphadiazine

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29
Q

antibacterial (systemic) treatment - equine

A

culture and sensitivity

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30
Q

feather mite treatment - equine

A

dectomax injection

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31
Q

immune mediate condition treatment - equine

A

topical or oral steroids

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32
Q

eosinophilic granuloma - equine

A

not itchy
chest wall and back - maybe from pressure from tack
unsure on cause
can occasionally open and release serum or cream coloured granular material - can calicify
not painful or uncomfortable

confirm with punch biopsy (probably wouldnt bother)
can remove or treat with steroids but theu’ll come back and aren’t a welfare issue

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33
Q

eosinophilic granuloma ddx - equine

A

dermoid cysts
insect bites - would usually go down and have associated oedema
sarcoids - usually show change in keratin surface

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34
Q

pruritus indications in exotics

A

fish - flashing
primates - compulsive hair plucking
birds - feather plucking
reptiles - increased bathing

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35
Q

lesion distributions - pruritic skin diseases

A

sarcoptes scabeii - axilla, groin, hock
demodex - face, ear, feet
cheyletiella - dorsal
fleas - lumbosacral
harvest mites - between digits and ear folds
atopic dermatitis - front feet and pinna
contact dermatitis - dependant surfaces

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36
Q

ectoparasite testing

A

coat brushing - fleas/flea dirt, cheyletiella
hair pluck - demodex, hair trauma
tape strip - cheyletiella, harvest mites, cytology
skin scrape - demodex, sarcoptes (low sensitivity)
sarcoptes IgG - sarcoptes (exposure, not necessarily infection)

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37
Q

treatment - flea allergy dermatitis

A

manage pruritus
treat animal and in contact animals
treat environment
ongoing flea management

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38
Q

treatment - demodex

A

dogs and hamsters (most common hamster mite)

usually self limiting
amitraz shampoo (in well ventilated area - breathing problems in people)
macrocyclic lactones - eg bravecto

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39
Q

treatment - sarcoptic mange

A

macrocyclic lactones (bravecto)
fipronil in young animals
keep away from foxes

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40
Q

treatment - cheyletiella

A

rabbits - walking dandruff
most spot ons effective (but not licensed)
ivermectin in rabbits
fipronil in other species
treat environment

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41
Q

treatment - harvest mites

A

fipronil on affected area

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42
Q

treatment - traxicarus caviae

A

guinea pigs
intense itching –> seizures (can be triggered by handlign)
benzodiazepines to sedate
ivermectin to treat

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43
Q

treatment - ophionyssus natricis

A

snakes
most common snake ectoparasite
vector for viral infection

permetrin, ivermectin or fibronil
treat environment
rub on snake
careful of ventilation - alcohol in formultions

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44
Q

treatment - knemidocoptes

A

birds
scaly leg/scaly face
demetiaceous earth bath (or ivermectin, but not in food producing animals)

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45
Q

treatment - red mite

A

chickens
out at night
throw out coop
demetiaceous earth or fluralaner

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46
Q

testing - infectious skin disease

A

tape strip cytology - stained - dry skin lesions and skin folds

impression smear cytology - moist and ulcerative lesions - pyoderma shows bacteria with phagocytosing neutrophils, presence of rods indicates culture and sensitivity

culture and sensitivity - if rods on cytology

woods lamp - fungal disease - false positives and false negatives

dermatophyte culture - long culture time, in house or external

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47
Q

treatment - bacterial overgrowth

A

topical
shampoo, mousse, wipes - chlorhexidine

48
Q

treatment - surface pyoderma

A

top layer only - erosions and ulcers
usually secondary

stop licking and scratching
topical
clip for better access
clean with saline and syringe
avoid chlorhexidine - may cause reaction
NSAIDs or topical steroid cream for analgesia and stopping inflammation
systemic treatment if no improvement over 2 weeks

49
Q

treatment - hot spots/acute moist dermatitis (pyotraumatic dermatitis)

A

worse in warm weather
can progress to deep pyoderma if scratched
flystrike in long haired animals

clip and clean for exam
treat based on how deep you think it is

50
Q

treatment - superficial pyoderma

A

pustules - usually pop

may need systemic antibiotics - amoxiclav, cliomycin

51
Q

treatment - deep pyoderma

A

infection involves dermal tissue
furunculosis - deep with destruction of hair follicle

systemic antibiotics
analgesia
topical treatment
apoquel

painful

52
Q

treatment - skin fold pyoderma

A

treat as superficial pyoderma

53
Q

treatment - bacterial folliculitis

A

only affecting follicles
moth eaten looking

treat as superficial

54
Q

treatment - feline acne

A

idiopathic keratinisation - usually on chin
secondary infections

wash to remove excess keratin
treat like superficial

55
Q

treatment - eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

hypersensitivity in cats
ulcer, eosinophilic plaque or collagenolytic granuloma

not itchy until secondary infection
steroids for underlying immune issue
management for pyoderma

56
Q

treatment - fungal disease

A

yeast overgrowth (dogs) - usually secondary infection, smells - topical antifungal or chlorhexidine shampoos

dermatophytosis (cats and small animals) - check owners aren’t itchy too, clipping, topical shampoos or rinses (microconazole or chlorhexidine)

57
Q

allergen testing

A

not diagnostic of allergic disease
unreliable for diet
intradermal testing - gold standard - not often done because owners don’t like it
serological testing - easier and owners prefer it

58
Q

cutaneous food allergy

A

any non seasonal pruritus
serology no good
food trial - correct pyoderma first
diet history - including treats, flavoured medications and toothpastes

ongoing exclusion diet and symptomatic management of flare ups

59
Q

cutaneous food allergy - diet options

A

hydrolysed - best, varying degrees of hydrolysis
limited antigen - most hypoallergenic pet shop foods, pick novel protein and carb based on diet history
home cooked - not usually well done

trial for 6-8 weeks

60
Q

contact dermatitis

A

irritant or allergic
check mouth in cats

irritant more common
treatment - remove irritant + supportive care

allergic - type 4 hypersensitivity - sparsely haired skin areas in contact with allergen
treatment - remove allergen, supportive care (steroids)

61
Q

atopic dermatitis

A

dogs
diagnosis of exclusion
usually - <3yo, indoors, responsive to steroids, unaffected dorsolumbar area
usually dust mites or pollen
management not cure

62
Q

atopy definition

A

genetic disposition to inflammatory and pruritic skin disease

63
Q

pruritic threshold

A

amount of itchy stimuli that can be tolerated before becomes pruritic

64
Q

flare factors - atopic dermatitis

A

stress - especially cats
seasonal - pollen, weather
infection - more likely to develop bacteria or fungus build up because skin barrier compromised
ectoparasites
allergen concentration
central heating - dries skin

65
Q

client and patient factors - atopic dermatitis

A

finance
time
transport
handling

66
Q

atopic dermatitis - treatment

A

allergen avoidance as much as possible - smooth floors, insecticides, keeping out of long grasses
anti pruritics
topical treatment - control bacterial and yeast levels, soothe skin, improve barrier function
chlorhexidine
oatmeal, tea tree - emoliants
salicyclic acid - exfoliant
mousses and foams for when don’t like bathing
immunotherapy - based on allergen testing
supplements - EFAs, bioactive lipis, probiotics, vitmain E, vitamine D

67
Q

pemphigus foliaceus

A

uncommon
autoimmune
pustules and vesicles

corticosteroid treatment

68
Q

cutaneous lymphoma

A

mostly hamsters
biopsy for diagnosis
secondary infections

treat with steroids

69
Q

signs - acute otitis externa

A

pinna - redness, trauma from scratching
canal - redness, swelling, vasodilation, cerumen, pain

70
Q

signs - chronic otitis externa

A

pinna - redness, swelling, scaling, crusting, alpopecia, hypermigmentation and lichenification
canal - brown exudate, hyperplasia, stenosis

71
Q

aural hematoma causes

A

secondary to otitis externa - excessive head shaking

72
Q

signs - otitis media

A

head tilt
progression to vestibular syndrome - nystagmus, strabismus, vomiting
horners and facial nerve paralysis
concurrent otitis externa except rabbits

73
Q

signs - otitis interna

A

vestibular syndrome - loss of balance, ataxia, vomiting
lethargy
depression
unilateral deafness

74
Q

clinical exam - ears

A

signs of skin disease - atopic dermatitis

assess for -
Foreign bodies
Parasites – otodectes (dogs and cats), ceroptes (rabbit)
Discharge – characterise it
Degree of stenosis
Ear canal patency
Look at tympanic membrane – perforation?
Neoplasms or polyps

membrane rupture - before putting anything in
smallest tip size - can be painful
remove foreign bodies if poss
neuro exam

75
Q

cytology - ears

A

differentiate bacteria and yeast
rods - send for sulture
biofilms and inflammatory exudates

76
Q

culture and sensitivity - ears

A

before antibiotics
always if rods
concentrations of ear preparations usually higher than the ones tested so if just a bit resistant may still be effective

77
Q

imaging - ears

A

chronic cases or if ear too stenotic to look down
plan surgical intervention

radiography - poor sensitivity
CT - best for otitis media
MRI - best for otitis interna

78
Q

systemic treatment - ears

A

ivermectin - psoroptes
selamectin and moxidectin - otodectes
systemic antibiotics/antifungal s- mostly in media or interna

treat secondary infections
managing infalmmation - topical steroids unless ruptured membranes
analgesia
surgical flushing - interna

79
Q

ear cleaners

A

always useful
remove debris - gives better access for medical treatments
break down biofilms
help effect of anti microbials (trisEDTA)
wait an hour before topical medications
make sure using one that’s safe with ruptured membrane

initial clean may need sedation - painful

80
Q

topical treatment - ears

A

topical steroids - unless ruptured membrane
rods - aminoglycosides and ploymixin B, fluoroquinolones if not effective
trisEDTA - improve antibiotic action

81
Q

aural hematoma treatment

A

drain and flush with saline then give steroids - high failure rate
steroids either direct into hematoma or systemic
treat underlying otitis
surgery - s shaped incision then clean out hematoma and flush with saline, suture sides back together, can put in drain for while healing

82
Q

surgical ear treatments

A

lateral wall resection - opens ear to let more oxygen through, control anaerobic bacterial growth

total or partial ear canal ablation (TECA) - remove ear canal - complications include necrosis, keratosis, pharyngeal swelling, facial nerve paralysis and others

lateral and ventral bulla osteotomy (LBO) - usually with TECA, reduces complication rate. need to remove all epithelium or will keep producing fluid. care with facial nerve

PECA + LBO - rabbit middle ear disease with concurrent dental disease resistant to conservative managment. bulla can be left open for flushing or antiboitic impregnated beads can be put in

83
Q

anal gland disease - signs

A

scooting
licking, chewing, over grooming
fishy smell
+/- anal discharge
reluctance to sit or poo
straining
erythema or swelling - infection
abscess - late stage (early in skunks)

84
Q

cytology - anal glands

A

not very useful, all sorts of bacteria etc there as normal

85
Q

culture - anal glands

A

not very useful, healthy and diseased look very similar

86
Q

anal gland impaction

A

most common
full glands on palpation
no change in secretion
no signs of infection or inflammation

if untreated –> saculitis or abscessation

squeeze glands out

manage weight
increase dietary fibre
control underlying disease

87
Q

fecal impaction

A

guinea pigs - older intact males
secondary infection and pain
routine management by owners

88
Q

anal sacculitis

A

usually secondary to impaction - inflammation and infection
pain
erythema
welling

may need sedation to empty anal glands
flush at same time - saline or ear drop preparations
systemic NSAIDs
antibiotics if abscessation

89
Q

anal abscessation

A

usually when anal gland rupture - may form fistula
if no fistula may need to form one to drain

flushing
topical treatment
NSAIDs
systemic antibiotics

anal sacculectomy if not responding or chronic

90
Q

anal sacculectomy - open vs closed

A

open - anal gland incised to remove secretory lining - lower risk but less effective

closed - whole gland out - more risk of nerve damage to external anal sphincter

91
Q

anal gland furunculosis

A

german shepherds
immune mediated inflammation

distinctive
ulveration and sinus tracts
may communicate with rectal lumen
pain
licking
abnormal tail carriage
increased frequency of small amounts of feces

high anti-staph IgG titre

92
Q

anal gland furunculosis - treatment

A

surgery - resection, cryosurgery, laser - high risk of complications

medical - preferred - immunomodulatory therapy, treat secondary infections, analgesia, supportive care

ciclosporin - 80% remission
topical tacrilimus - cream, may not like it if painful
preds - low success rate

secondary infection - TMPS and amoyclav
analgesia - NSAIDs and opioids (very painful, need multimodal)
supportive care - stool softeners

93
Q

anal gland neoplasia

A

apocrine gland carcinoma - most common
locally invasive and metastatic
paraneoplastic hypercalcemia - stabilise this before surgery
spread to sublumbar lymph nodes

diagnosis - biopsy, fna often inconclusive, radiograph for mets, CT for surgical planning

treatment -
chemo - prior to surgery to shrink
radiotherapy - improve prognosis post surgery
surgical removal

guarded prognosis - influenced by stage. rule of thumb is 12 months if there’s mets a point of surgery

94
Q

causes of non-pruritic alopecia

A

cushings - symmetrical flank with rat tail
hypothyroidism - flank alopecia with hyperpigmentation
hyperoestrogenism - ferrets
hyperadrenocorticism - ferrets - neutered jills and hobs

95
Q

trichogram

A

broken hairs - self-trauma - pruritic
telogen hairs - more abundant in endocrine issues
clumped melanin - colour dilution alopecia

96
Q

alopecia X

A

cosmetic alopecia
diagnosis of exclusion

treatments -
neutrering
melatonin
benign neglect
get it a jumper

97
Q

Sheep Scab (psoroptic mange)

A

most important ectoparasitic disease of sheep
notifiable
legal requirement to treat infected animals and all others in flock
big economic impact

mite
entire life cycle on host - 10-14 days
viable off host for 15-17 days (environmental reservoir)

98
Q

sheep scab - psoroptes ovis - pathogenesis

A

quiescent phase - reservoir in axilla, groin, pinna (warmer months)
highly contagious

clinical phase - inflammation with vesicles and serous exudate - hypersensitivity response
centre of lesion dries and mites multiply and move outwards

should assume whole flock is infected

99
Q

sheep scab - signs

A

patches of lighter wool
intense pruritus - scratching on gates and fences
larger areas of skin damage
stained, ragged wool
wool loss
nibbling flanks
dullness
staying apart from flock

100
Q

sheep scab - diagnosis

A

skin scrape - in clinical stages, can see mites
blood ELISA - testing for antibodies - as soon as 2 weeks after exposure

101
Q

sheep scab - treatment

A

plunge or dipping (not jet spraying - will infect environment) - organophosphate
injectable parasiticide - macrocyclic lactones - some resistance developed
establish origin
contact neighbours
review fencing and contact with neighbouring fields

102
Q

sheep scab - plunge dipping

A

need safe use of sheep dip certificate, environmental permit, container to store waste water, leak proof dipping tanks, crook and timer

do not dip on full stomach, when thirsty, when wet, or with open wounds

PPE

correct concentration should be used

immerse whole body apart from head and ears for at least 1 minute, head immersed at least twice

103
Q

sheep scab - ddx

A

lice
keds
blowfly strike
tick infestation
scrapie - pruritus and nibble (individuals)
wool slip
ringworm
dermatophilosis

104
Q

cattle ringworm

A

zoonosis
very common
calves
fungal
mainly trichophyton verrucosum
spread by direct or indirect contact
most recover and then have immunity

notifiable in norway - different attitude

105
Q

ringworm - signs

A

grey scaly lesions
ring shaped
mainly head and neck

106
Q

ringworm - treatment and prevention

A

topical antifungal sprays

vaccine available - used where large number infected to reduce severity/number of cases - vaccine related outbreak in poland

107
Q

ringworm - diagnosis

A

microscopic examination of hair samples - spores

108
Q

bovine papiloma virus - warts/angleberries

A

virus has a predilection for keratinocytes - penetrate minute abrasions
benign, hyperplastic lesions - warts
usually resolve over time
can become neoplastic - bladder and upper GI

potential cross species - same virus does sarcoids in horses

unsightly
sever infections or widespread lesions can lead to loss of body condition and death
teat lesions - can interfere with milking
penile fibropapilloma - issue in breeding bulls

109
Q

bovine papilloma - treatment

A

leave to fall off naturally
surgical removal - but can regrow
vaccines - expensive
antimicrobials - for secondary infection

110
Q

bovine ischemic teat necrosis

A

emerging disease
mostly diary heifers in first lactation
premature culling
economic loss
may be linked to digital dermatitis
primarily base of teat then extends distal or proximal
severe lesions - sloughing of teat - further complications

111
Q

erysipelas - pigs

A

gram +ve rod bacteria
can carry - on tonsils
excrete in feces and urine
soil and surface water contaminated - environmental reservoir for several weeks
zoonotic
sudden death
usually fattening pigs - 55-80kg

scarlet flushing of skin - septicemia

112
Q

erysipelas - cutaneous form

A

pyrexia
redding and blotching skin
purple-red diamond shaped lesions - pathognomonic
acute - can kill in 12-48 hours
anorexia and thirst in older pigs
dullness and reluctance to move
abortion in pregnant gilts/sows

113
Q

erysipelas - chronic forms

A

valvular endocarditis - congestive heart failure, death
proliferative synovitis in joints
ear tip necrosis
polyarthritis - lameness

114
Q

erysipelas - control

A

in soil - more in outdoors pigs
penicillin - treat early
vaccine - immunity lasts 6 months, need boosters

115
Q

pityriasis rosea - false ringworm - pigs

A

probably genetic
usually a few per litter
lesions from 4 weeks
hyperemic patches on flanks, groin, thighs
self limiting - few months
unsightly but not pruritic
pig grows normally

CMS - term 1 (15 decks)

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