Dermatology

Question 1

triggers for pruritus

Answer 1

ectoparasites
atopic dermatitis - mite proteins, pollens, moulds, microbes
food - hypersenstivity
contact allergens
drugs

Question 2

atopic dermatitis pathogenesis

Answer 2

inherited disposition to develop type 1 hypersensitivity
predisposition to epidermal barrier defects

cytokines - bind to antigens and trigger pruritic and inflammatory porcesses
t helper cells - produce IgE to allergen - sensitisation to future exposures
Mast cells - degranulate and release histamine and heparin
JAK pathways - IL31 released by th2 cells, bind to receptors on neuronal cells, neuronal signal to brain to trigger itch perception (direct nerve stimulation bypassing mast cell process) - won’t respond to intradermal allergy test

Question 3

glucocorticoids for pruritis - options

Answer 3

prednisolone, methyprednisolone

oral - effects in 10-30 mins after adminstration - daily dose then reduce to lowest effective dose

parenteral - rapid or slow absorption - effects last a few days for rapid and a few weeks for slower

injectable - longer acting (6-8) weeks but higher risk of HPA axis suppression, poorer dose control

topical - for pruritus in small area or short term treatment (wear gloves), may also contain antibiotic
hydorcortisone aceponate - spray, converted to more potent steroid in skin but less systemic absorption and less skin thinning, licensed to 7 days

Question 4

glucocorticoids for pruritis - method of action

Answer 4

bypass cell membranes to bind to high affinity glucocorticoid receptors in cytoplasm (all cells)

migrate to nucleus and induce transcription of anti-inflammatory proteins

decreased production of inflammatory cytokines, enzymes and receptors

Question 5

glucocorticoids for pruritis - side effects

Answer 5

dose dependent side effects
immune suppression - only want anti-inflammatory doses - increased infection risk
short term - PUPD, polyphagia, panting

liver problems
bladder infections
skin - thinning, pyoderma, calcinosis cutis
suppression of HPA axis - reliance –> addisonian crisis (taper, never stop suddenly)
diabetes mellitus
muscle wasting
gastric ulcer
hair loss

Question 6

glucocorticoids for pruritis - when to use

Answer 6

severe flare up - short term
seasonal allergies
when other treatment options tried and not working
financial constraints

Question 7

ciclosporin - method of action

Answer 7

calcineurin inhibitor - calcineurin mediated release of cytokines and histamine

enters t lymphocytes and binds cyclophilin A
inhibits function to inhibit calcineurin mediated release of cytokines and histamine
stops inflammation before it starts

slower to effect than steroids - 4-8 weeks to full effect, 8 weeks minimum trial advised before giving up

Question 8

ciclosporin - forms available

Answer 8

atopica - oral capsule for cats and dogs
liquid oral version for cats
tacrolismus - topical - unlicensed in small animals, hard to get and epxnsive. But minimal side effects and can be helpful in small hairless areas

Question 9

ciclosporin - side effects

Answer 9

immunosuppression - may effect function of other t cells - avoid for 2 weeks either side of live vaccination
some diarrhoea, musea, vomiting, anorexia - usually settles quickly but if doesn’t then won’t at all - GI tolerance sometimes better with food

less side effects than steroids

Question 10

ciclosporin - contraindications

Answer 10

not in dogs <6months or <2kg
not in breeding, pregnant or lactating dogs
not in animals with history of malignant disroders - suppression of t cells needed to supress neoplasia, doesn’t cause cancer but can increase incidence of clinically apparent neoplasoa
not in diabetics - may affect ciculating insulin
care in renal insufficiency

not with drugs affecting CYP450 pathway - can affect bioavailability

cats - test for FeLV, FIV and toxoplasmosis, when treating keep inside or make it hard for them to hunt (closing in, bells) - avoid chance of getting toxo - more likely to develop signs of toxoplasmosis if infected

Question 11

apoquel (oclactinab) - method of action

Answer 11

rapid onset (24 hours - 1 week)

JAK inhibitor - inhibitis JAK1 and JAK3 to inhibit IL31
prevents direct nerve stimulation of nerves causing pruritis

doesn’t need tapering
if using long term then monitor (less data) - yearly hematology and biochem

can be used with intradermal testing - doesn’t interfere with IgE

Question 12

apoquel (oclactimab) - contraindications and side effects

Answer 12

not many side effects - occassional nausea and diarrhoea

not in dogs under 1 year old
not if immunosuppressed
not if history of malignant neoplasia
not if pregnant, lactating or in breeding males (untested)
long term - yearly testing (haematology and biochem)

Question 13

Cytopoint (lokivetmab) - mechanism of action

Answer 13

IL31 caninised monoclonal antibody

mimic response to disease
highly selective antibodies, bind to IL31
prevents IL31 extracellularly and prevents binding to receptor
prevents downstream process

Question 14

cytopoint (lokivetmab) - benefits and contraindications

Answer 14

limited impact on normal immune function

eliminated via normal protein elimination pathways like own antibodies - broken down by lysosome into amino acids that are utilised elsewhere (limited renal or hepatic involvement)

long half life - injection every 28 days

fast acting - 8 hours, full efficacy 1-3 days

can be used with concurrent disease, and alongside vaccinations

only dogs - caninised so would act as foreign body in other species

not tested in dogs under 3kgs

Question 15

Antihistamines - mechanism of action

Answer 15

blocks histamine receptors
prevents histamine release

slight sedative effect so may just be not itching because drowsy

not much better effect proved than placebo

Question 16

Antihistamines - other points

Answer 16

cats may be more likely to get hurt if drowsy out and about
try one for a few weeks before switching
none licensed in animals
may allow reduced dosage of other drugs

Question 17

other therapies to use in combination for pruritus

Answer 17

essential fatty acids - improved skin barrier function (2-3 months to efficacy, need to build up)
allergen specific immunotherapy
medicated shampoos - 1-2x weekly, adequate contact time - anti-infective anti-inflammatory, moisture adding

physical prevention of self trauma - buster collars, body suits, monitoring

Question 18

horse dermatological exam - nature of lesions

Answer 18

nature and distribution
extent/severity
changes with treatment
pruritus or pain
state of coat

feel as well as see
do exam in good light - outside not in dark stable

Question 19

causes of pruritus - equine - lice

Answer 19

common
young or geriatric
grouped in barns
long coats
not groomed so often

very itchy

very contagious
spread by direct contact
host specific obligate parasite but can live on rugs for a while

tail and mane
moth eaten appearance
hair loss
visible lice (magnifying glass)
self trauma from pruritus

topical treatment wash - clip first
treat all horses, not just itching ones

Question 20

causes of pruritus - equine - allergic skin disease

Answer 20

hypersensitivies - sweet itch + other, food, equine atopy
novel exclusion diet to distinguish between food allergy and atopy
lucerne nuts or timothy hay for 4-6 weeks then gradual reintroduction

Question 21

Sweet itch

Answer 21

culicoides hypersensitivity

warm, moist areas - midges
manage midge exposure - keep in at dusk and dawn, away from bodies of water, full body rugs, netting in stables, fans in stables

lesions over tailhead and neck - bald patches
hyperkeratosis for rubbing
oozing or bleeding]secondary bacterial infection
abnormal behaviour - discomfort

usually presents around 3-4 years old or after location change
geritable component

diagnosis - clinical signs and seasonality, response to management, serology and intradermal testing (low sensitivity and specificity)

treatment - prevent exposure, shampoo to soothe skin and repair barrier, manage itching and secondary infections

Question 22

sweet itch therapies

Answer 22

benzyl benzoate and permetrhin - reduce how often midges land
anti-inflammatories - corticosteroids - hydrocortisone, triamcinlone, betametasone
antihistamines - hydroxyzine hydropchloride - human tablets, horses need a lot
systemic injection - ringworm vaccine before midge season (mostly anecdotal)

Question 23

urticaria - equine

Answer 23

common
lots of lumps
multiple causes - allergy, bites/stings/snake bites, infection, infestation, drug reaction, vaccines, plants, transfusion reaction, vasculitis

doesn’t tend to bother the horse but could be itchy and make riding uncomfortable depending on positioning

can go away on their own - there and gone in 24 hours
H1 antihistamine receptor blockers or centrally acting tricyclic drugs
if doesn’t go away with treatment then may need biopsy

if chronic need to find cause

Question 24

urticaria - equine - ddx

Answer 24

dermatophyte infection - eliminate with fingal PCR
insect bites
erythema multiforme
contact hypersensitivity
infectious and immune mediated disease

Question 25

paster dermatitis (mud fever) - equine

Answer 25

predisposing, primary and perpetuating factors secondary to damage to skin barrier - allow bacteria in moisture from wet mud, sweat, mites, photosensitisation, disruption to immune system could be secondary to systemic disease - eg photosensitisation from liver disease common on white legs and with more feathers (draught horses) often long standing cases so not obvious cause oedema erythema scaling, exudate, matting/crusting very painful on palpation bacterial swabs hair brushings skin scrapes skin biopsy

Question 26

management - pastern dermatitis

Answer 26

identify cuase keep skin clean and dry and out of wet mud cut feathers on legs keep white areas covered if photosensitisation clip affected area bathe with antiseptic shampoo rinse and dry thoroughly remove crusts and scabs antibacterial or corticosteroid treatment may need to sedate - very uncomfortable

Question 27

antifungal treatment - equine

Answer 27

lime sulphur dips localised dermatophytes and mites

Question 28

antibacterial (topical) treatment - equine

Answer 28

silver sulphadiazine

Question 29

antibacterial (systemic) treatment - equine

Answer 29

culture and sensitivity

Question 30

feather mite treatment - equine

Answer 30

dectomax injection

Question 31

immune mediate condition treatment - equine

Answer 31

topical or oral steroids

Question 32

eosinophilic granuloma - equine

Answer 32

not itchy chest wall and back - maybe from pressure from tack unsure on cause can occasionally open and release serum or cream coloured granular material - can calicify not painful or uncomfortable confirm with punch biopsy (probably wouldnt bother) can remove or treat with steroids but theu'll come back and aren't a welfare issue

Question 33

eosinophilic granuloma ddx - equine

Answer 33

dermoid cysts insect bites - would usually go down and have associated oedema sarcoids - usually show change in keratin surface

Question 34

pruritus indications in exotics

Answer 34

fish - flashing primates - compulsive hair plucking birds - feather plucking reptiles - increased bathing

Question 35

lesion distributions - pruritic skin diseases

Answer 35

sarcoptes scabeii - axilla, groin, hock demodex - face, ear, feet cheyletiella - dorsal fleas - lumbosacral harvest mites - between digits and ear folds atopic dermatitis - front feet and pinna contact dermatitis - dependant surfaces

Question 36

ectoparasite testing

Answer 36

coat brushing - fleas/flea dirt, cheyletiella hair pluck - demodex, hair trauma tape strip - cheyletiella, harvest mites, cytology skin scrape - demodex, sarcoptes (low sensitivity) sarcoptes IgG - sarcoptes (exposure, not necessarily infection)

Question 37

treatment - flea allergy dermatitis

Answer 37

manage pruritus treat animal and in contact animals treat environment ongoing flea management

Question 38

treatment - demodex

Answer 38

dogs and hamsters (most common hamster mite) usually self limiting amitraz shampoo (in well ventilated area - breathing problems in people) macrocyclic lactones - eg bravecto

Question 39

treatment - sarcoptic mange

Answer 39

macrocyclic lactones (bravecto) fipronil in young animals keep away from foxes

Question 40

treatment - cheyletiella

Answer 40

rabbits - walking dandruff most spot ons effective (but not licensed) ivermectin in rabbits fipronil in other species treat environment

Question 41

treatment - harvest mites

Answer 41

fipronil on affected area

Question 42

treatment - traxicarus caviae

Answer 42

guinea pigs intense itching --> seizures (can be triggered by handlign) benzodiazepines to sedate ivermectin to treat

Question 43

treatment - ophionyssus natricis

Answer 43

snakes most common snake ectoparasite vector for viral infection permetrin, ivermectin or fibronil treat environment rub on snake careful of ventilation - alcohol in formultions

Question 44

treatment - knemidocoptes

Answer 44

birds scaly leg/scaly face demetiaceous earth bath (or ivermectin, but not in food producing animals)

Question 45

treatment - red mite

Answer 45

chickens out at night throw out coop demetiaceous earth or fluralaner

Question 46

testing - infectious skin disease

Answer 46

tape strip cytology - stained - dry skin lesions and skin folds impression smear cytology - moist and ulcerative lesions - pyoderma shows bacteria with phagocytosing neutrophils, presence of rods indicates culture and sensitivity culture and sensitivity - if rods on cytology woods lamp - fungal disease - false positives and false negatives dermatophyte culture - long culture time, in house or external

Question 47

treatment - bacterial overgrowth

Answer 47

topical shampoo, mousse, wipes - chlorhexidine

Question 48

treatment - surface pyoderma

Answer 48

top layer only - erosions and ulcers usually secondary stop licking and scratching topical clip for better access clean with saline and syringe avoid chlorhexidine - may cause reaction NSAIDs or topical steroid cream for analgesia and stopping inflammation systemic treatment if no improvement over 2 weeks

Question 49

treatment - hot spots/acute moist dermatitis (pyotraumatic dermatitis)

Answer 49

worse in warm weather can progress to deep pyoderma if scratched flystrike in long haired animals clip and clean for exam treat based on how deep you think it is

Question 50

treatment - superficial pyoderma

Answer 50

pustules - usually pop may need systemic antibiotics - amoxiclav, cliomycin

Question 51

treatment - deep pyoderma

Answer 51

infection involves dermal tissue furunculosis - deep with destruction of hair follicle systemic antibiotics analgesia topical treatment apoquel painful

Question 52

treatment - skin fold pyoderma

Answer 52

treat as superficial pyoderma

Question 53

treatment - bacterial folliculitis

Answer 53

only affecting follicles moth eaten looking treat as superficial

Question 54

treatment - feline acne

Answer 54

idiopathic keratinisation - usually on chin secondary infections wash to remove excess keratin treat like superficial

Question 55

treatment - eosinophilic granuloma complex

Answer 55

hypersensitivity in cats ulcer, eosinophilic plaque or collagenolytic granuloma not itchy until secondary infection steroids for underlying immune issue management for pyoderma

Question 56

treatment - fungal disease

Answer 56

yeast overgrowth (dogs) - usually secondary infection, smells - topical antifungal or chlorhexidine shampoos dermatophytosis (cats and small animals) - check owners aren't itchy too, clipping, topical shampoos or rinses (microconazole or chlorhexidine)

Question 57

allergen testing

Answer 57

not diagnostic of allergic disease unreliable for diet intradermal testing - gold standard - not often done because owners don't like it serological testing - easier and owners prefer it

Question 58

cutaneous food allergy

Answer 58

any non seasonal pruritus serology no good food trial - correct pyoderma first diet history - including treats, flavoured medications and toothpastes ongoing exclusion diet and symptomatic management of flare ups

Question 59

cutaneous food allergy - diet options

Answer 59

hydrolysed - best, varying degrees of hydrolysis limited antigen - most hypoallergenic pet shop foods, pick novel protein and carb based on diet history home cooked - not usually well done trial for 6-8 weeks

Question 60

contact dermatitis

Answer 60

irritant or allergic check mouth in cats irritant more common treatment - remove irritant + supportive care allergic - type 4 hypersensitivity - sparsely haired skin areas in contact with allergen treatment - remove allergen, supportive care (steroids)

Question 61

atopic dermatitis

Answer 61

dogs diagnosis of exclusion usually - <3yo, indoors, responsive to steroids, unaffected dorsolumbar area usually dust mites or pollen management not cure

Question 62

atopy definition

Answer 62

genetic disposition to inflammatory and pruritic skin disease

Question 63

pruritic threshold

Answer 63

amount of itchy stimuli that can be tolerated before becomes pruritic

Question 64

flare factors - atopic dermatitis

Answer 64

stress - especially cats seasonal - pollen, weather infection - more likely to develop bacteria or fungus build up because skin barrier compromised ectoparasites allergen concentration central heating - dries skin

Question 65

client and patient factors - atopic dermatitis

Answer 65

finance time transport handling

Question 66

atopic dermatitis - treatment

Answer 66

allergen avoidance as much as possible - smooth floors, insecticides, keeping out of long grasses anti pruritics topical treatment - control bacterial and yeast levels, soothe skin, improve barrier function chlorhexidine oatmeal, tea tree - emoliants salicyclic acid - exfoliant mousses and foams for when don't like bathing immunotherapy - based on allergen testing supplements - EFAs, bioactive lipis, probiotics, vitmain E, vitamine D

Question 67

pemphigus foliaceus

Answer 67

uncommon autoimmune pustules and vesicles corticosteroid treatment

Question 68

cutaneous lymphoma

Answer 68

mostly hamsters biopsy for diagnosis secondary infections treat with steroids

Question 69

signs - acute otitis externa

Answer 69

pinna - redness, trauma from scratching canal - redness, swelling, vasodilation, cerumen, pain

Question 70

signs - chronic otitis externa

Answer 70

pinna - redness, swelling, scaling, crusting, alpopecia, hypermigmentation and lichenification canal - brown exudate, hyperplasia, stenosis

Question 71

aural hematoma causes

Answer 71

secondary to otitis externa - excessive head shaking

Question 72

signs - otitis media

Answer 72

head tilt progression to vestibular syndrome - nystagmus, strabismus, vomiting horners and facial nerve paralysis concurrent otitis externa except rabbits

Question 73

signs - otitis interna

Answer 73

vestibular syndrome - loss of balance, ataxia, vomiting lethargy depression unilateral deafness

Question 74

clinical exam - ears

Answer 74

signs of skin disease - atopic dermatitis assess for - Foreign bodies Parasites – otodectes (dogs and cats), ceroptes (rabbit) Discharge – characterise it Degree of stenosis Ear canal patency Look at tympanic membrane – perforation? Neoplasms or polyps membrane rupture - before putting anything in smallest tip size - can be painful remove foreign bodies if poss neuro exam

Question 75

cytology - ears

Answer 75

differentiate bacteria and yeast rods - send for sulture biofilms and inflammatory exudates

Question 76

culture and sensitivity - ears

Answer 76

before antibiotics always if rods concentrations of ear preparations usually higher than the ones tested so if just a bit resistant may still be effective

Question 77

imaging - ears

Answer 77

chronic cases or if ear too stenotic to look down plan surgical intervention radiography - poor sensitivity CT - best for otitis media MRI - best for otitis interna

Question 78

systemic treatment - ears

Answer 78

ivermectin - psoroptes selamectin and moxidectin - otodectes systemic antibiotics/antifungal s- mostly in media or interna treat secondary infections managing infalmmation - topical steroids unless ruptured membranes analgesia surgical flushing - interna

Question 79

ear cleaners

Answer 79

always useful remove debris - gives better access for medical treatments break down biofilms help effect of anti microbials (trisEDTA) wait an hour before topical medications make sure using one that's safe with ruptured membrane initial clean may need sedation - painful

Question 80

topical treatment - ears

Answer 80

topical steroids - unless ruptured membrane rods - aminoglycosides and ploymixin B, fluoroquinolones if not effective trisEDTA - improve antibiotic action

Question 81

aural hematoma treatment

Answer 81

drain and flush with saline then give steroids - high failure rate steroids either direct into hematoma or systemic treat underlying otitis surgery - s shaped incision then clean out hematoma and flush with saline, suture sides back together, can put in drain for while healing

Question 82

surgical ear treatments

Answer 82

lateral wall resection - opens ear to let more oxygen through, control anaerobic bacterial growth total or partial ear canal ablation (TECA) - remove ear canal - complications include necrosis, keratosis, pharyngeal swelling, facial nerve paralysis and others lateral and ventral bulla osteotomy (LBO) - usually with TECA, reduces complication rate. need to remove all epithelium or will keep producing fluid. care with facial nerve PECA + LBO - rabbit middle ear disease with concurrent dental disease resistant to conservative managment. bulla can be left open for flushing or antiboitic impregnated beads can be put in

Question 83

anal gland disease - signs

Answer 83

scooting licking, chewing, over grooming fishy smell +/- anal discharge reluctance to sit or poo straining erythema or swelling - infection abscess - late stage (early in skunks)

Question 84

cytology - anal glands

Answer 84

not very useful, all sorts of bacteria etc there as normal

Question 85

culture - anal glands

Answer 85

not very useful, healthy and diseased look very similar

Question 86

anal gland impaction

Answer 86

most common full glands on palpation no change in secretion no signs of infection or inflammation if untreated --> saculitis or abscessation squeeze glands out manage weight increase dietary fibre control underlying disease

Question 87

fecal impaction

Answer 87

guinea pigs - older intact males secondary infection and pain routine management by owners

Question 88

anal sacculitis

Answer 88

usually secondary to impaction - inflammation and infection pain erythema welling may need sedation to empty anal glands flush at same time - saline or ear drop preparations systemic NSAIDs antibiotics if abscessation

Question 89

anal abscessation

Answer 89

usually when anal gland rupture - may form fistula if no fistula may need to form one to drain flushing topical treatment NSAIDs systemic antibiotics anal sacculectomy if not responding or chronic

Question 90

anal sacculectomy - open vs closed

Answer 90

open - anal gland incised to remove secretory lining - lower risk but less effective closed - whole gland out - more risk of nerve damage to external anal sphincter

Question 91

anal gland furunculosis

Answer 91

german shepherds immune mediated inflammation distinctive ulveration and sinus tracts may communicate with rectal lumen pain licking abnormal tail carriage increased frequency of small amounts of feces high anti-staph IgG titre

Question 92

anal gland furunculosis - treatment

Answer 92

surgery - resection, cryosurgery, laser - high risk of complications medical - preferred - immunomodulatory therapy, treat secondary infections, analgesia, supportive care ciclosporin - 80% remission topical tacrilimus - cream, may not like it if painful preds - low success rate secondary infection - TMPS and amoyclav analgesia - NSAIDs and opioids (very painful, need multimodal) supportive care - stool softeners

Question 93

anal gland neoplasia

Answer 93

apocrine gland carcinoma - most common locally invasive and metastatic paraneoplastic hypercalcemia - stabilise this before surgery spread to sublumbar lymph nodes diagnosis - biopsy, fna often inconclusive, radiograph for mets, CT for surgical planning treatment - chemo - prior to surgery to shrink radiotherapy - improve prognosis post surgery surgical removal guarded prognosis - influenced by stage. rule of thumb is 12 months if there's mets a point of surgery

Question 94

causes of non-pruritic alopecia

Answer 94

cushings - symmetrical flank with rat tail hypothyroidism - flank alopecia with hyperpigmentation hyperoestrogenism - ferrets hyperadrenocorticism - ferrets - neutered jills and hobs

Question 95

trichogram

Answer 95

broken hairs - self-trauma - pruritic telogen hairs - more abundant in endocrine issues clumped melanin - colour dilution alopecia

Question 96

alopecia X

Answer 96

cosmetic alopecia diagnosis of exclusion treatments - neutrering melatonin benign neglect get it a jumper

Question 97

Sheep Scab (psoroptic mange)

Answer 97

most important ectoparasitic disease of sheep notifiable legal requirement to treat infected animals and all others in flock big economic impact mite entire life cycle on host - 10-14 days viable off host for 15-17 days (environmental reservoir)

Question 98

sheep scab - psoroptes ovis - pathogenesis

Answer 98

quiescent phase - reservoir in axilla, groin, pinna (warmer months) highly contagious clinical phase - inflammation with vesicles and serous exudate - hypersensitivity response centre of lesion dries and mites multiply and move outwards should assume whole flock is infected

Question 99

sheep scab - signs

Answer 99

patches of lighter wool intense pruritus - scratching on gates and fences larger areas of skin damage stained, ragged wool wool loss nibbling flanks dullness staying apart from flock

Question 100

sheep scab - diagnosis

Answer 100

skin scrape - in clinical stages, can see mites blood ELISA - testing for antibodies - as soon as 2 weeks after exposure

Question 101

sheep scab - treatment

Answer 101

plunge or dipping (not jet spraying - will infect environment) - organophosphate injectable parasiticide - macrocyclic lactones - some resistance developed establish origin contact neighbours review fencing and contact with neighbouring fields

Question 102

sheep scab - plunge dipping

Answer 102

need safe use of sheep dip certificate, environmental permit, container to store waste water, leak proof dipping tanks, crook and timer do not dip on full stomach, when thirsty, when wet, or with open wounds PPE correct concentration should be used immerse whole body apart from head and ears for at least 1 minute, head immersed at least twice

Question 103

sheep scab - ddx

Answer 103

lice keds blowfly strike tick infestation scrapie - pruritus and nibble (individuals) wool slip ringworm dermatophilosis

Question 104

cattle ringworm

Answer 104

zoonosis very common calves fungal mainly trichophyton verrucosum spread by direct or indirect contact most recover and then have immunity notifiable in norway - different attitude

Question 105

ringworm - signs

Answer 105

grey scaly lesions ring shaped mainly head and neck

Question 106

ringworm - treatment and prevention

Answer 106

topical antifungal sprays vaccine available - used where large number infected to reduce severity/number of cases - vaccine related outbreak in poland

Question 107

ringworm - diagnosis

Answer 107

microscopic examination of hair samples - spores

Question 108

bovine papiloma virus - warts/angleberries

Answer 108

virus has a predilection for keratinocytes - penetrate minute abrasions benign, hyperplastic lesions - warts usually resolve over time can become neoplastic - bladder and upper GI potential cross species - same virus does sarcoids in horses unsightly sever infections or widespread lesions can lead to loss of body condition and death teat lesions - can interfere with milking penile fibropapilloma - issue in breeding bulls

Question 109

bovine papilloma - treatment

Answer 109

leave to fall off naturally surgical removal - but can regrow vaccines - expensive antimicrobials - for secondary infection

Question 110

bovine ischemic teat necrosis

Answer 110

emerging disease mostly diary heifers in first lactation premature culling economic loss may be linked to digital dermatitis primarily base of teat then extends distal or proximal severe lesions - sloughing of teat - further complications

Question 111

erysipelas - pigs

Answer 111

gram +ve rod bacteria can carry - on tonsils excrete in feces and urine soil and surface water contaminated - environmental reservoir for several weeks zoonotic sudden death usually fattening pigs - 55-80kg scarlet flushing of skin - septicemia

Question 112

erysipelas - cutaneous form

Answer 112

pyrexia redding and blotching skin purple-red diamond shaped lesions - pathognomonic acute - can kill in 12-48 hours anorexia and thirst in older pigs dullness and reluctance to move abortion in pregnant gilts/sows

Question 113

erysipelas - chronic forms

Answer 113

valvular endocarditis - congestive heart failure, death proliferative synovitis in joints ear tip necrosis polyarthritis - lameness

Question 114

erysipelas - control

Answer 114

in soil - more in outdoors pigs penicillin - treat early vaccine - immunity lasts 6 months, need boosters

Question 115

pityriasis rosea - false ringworm - pigs

Answer 115

probably genetic usually a few per litter lesions from 4 weeks hyperemic patches on flanks, groin, thighs self limiting - few months unsightly but not pruritic pig grows normally