Preventative Medicine Flashcards
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Tapeworm
Small intestine/caecum
ELISA - serum or saliva
Show in feces after worming
Cyathostomins
Small stongyle
large intestine
encysted stages in mucosa
FWEC - McMasters
Parascaris Equorum
Ascarid
Small intestine
Foals
FWEC - McMasters
Oxyuris Equi
pinworm
perianal area - tape test
Faecal Worm Egg Count
Strongyles and ascarids
shows amount of egg excretion, not worm burden
doesn’t differentiate large and small strongyles
doesn’t provide info on larval stages
no good for tapeworm, lungworm, bots, pinworm, or flukes
modified mcmasters
Tapeworm ELISA
serum and saliva
identify exposure to tapeworm (antibodies) - antibodies do tend to correlate with number of tapeworms present
titres high up to 4 months after treatment
small redworm ELISA
small strongyles
specific for larval stages but identifies all life stages of cyathostomins
useful to demonstrate absence of exposure but most are exposed so may lead to overuse of anthelmintics (moxidectin)
FWEC Sample collection
minimum 10g sample
sample from multiple points
must be <12 hours from voided
can be refridgerated - 48 hours - ok to post
if sample left too long eggs may multiply
FWEC cut off
200 - 500 epg
CANTER
low –> medium –> high risk
clinical history
age - under 5 or old (medium), under 1 or geriatric with comorbidities (high)
number of horses - stocking density
test results
environment - poo picking etc
risk profile - calculated as combination of above
Modified McMasters
(chamber 1 + chamber 2) * 50 = eggs per gram
Bovine respiratory viruses
BRSV
PI3
BHV-1 (IBR)
BVD
Bovine respiratory bacteria
pasteurella multocida (mostly calves)
histophilus somni
manheima haemolytica
mycoplasma bovis
bovine respiratory parasites
lungworm
IBR
Bovine herpesvirus-1
latent in trigeminal ganglion
severe respiratory disease –> fatal pneumonia
milk yield drop
infertility and abortion
inflammation of vulva/prepuce
fever
inappetence
runny eyes and nose
vaccinations available - intranasal or IM, live or attenuated, with marker to differentiate from naturally derived antibodies
testing - milk or blood ELISA for antibodies or PCR for virus
IBR DDX
pneumonia
malignant catarrhal fever
mucosal disease
bluetongue
foot and mouth
other viruses - PI3, BRSV, bovine coronavirus, bacterial pneumonia
lungworm
IBR prevention
biosecurity
closed herd
vaccination - reduces new infections, spread and viral shedding
culling
limiting contact with outside animals
ventilation
lower stocking
intranasal vaccines
quicker acting
shorter immunity
act directly on site of infection
can be used when already sick
can be used during pregnancy - before 2nd trimester
bulk milk tank testing
BVD
IBR
Johnes
Lepto
Fasciola hepatica
BRSV
PI3
BVD
weakened immune system
repro signs - infertility, abortion, birth defects
persistently infected calves - can lead to fatal mucosal disease
vaccines - bovilis (inactivated, yearly booster), bovela (live, single dose for when you need it)
ELISA - antibody
PCR - virus detection
Johne’s
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
chronic weight loss and diarrhoea
latent for years before signs
ELISA - antibody
positive only if active infection, negative does not rule out johne’s
leptospirosis
zoonotic
milk yield drop
infertility
late abortion
weak calves with poor survival
excretion via kidneys and repro tract
may shed forever or intermittently
ELISA - antibody
Fasciola Hepatica
Liver Fluke
also humans and horses
ELISA - antibody
BRSV
Bovine respiratory synctial virus
common in calves under 12 months
ELISA - antibody
PI3
bovine parainfluenza virus 3
associated with bovine respiratory disease complex
ELISA - antibody
common cattle vaccines
BVD
IBR
Lepto
BRD - IBR, BRSV, PI3, BVD
other cattle vaccines
calf scours - rotavirus, coronavirus and e coli - vaccinate dam to pass antibodies in colostrum
salmonella
mastitis
ringworm
lungworm
clostridia
arboviruses - bluetongue, schmallenberg
common sheep vaccines
clostridial diseases - pulpy kidney (perfringens D), lamb dysentery (perfringens B), struck (perfringens C), braxy (clostridium septicum), black disease (clostridium noyvi), tetanus (clostridium tetani)
abortion vaccine - toxoplasma gondii and enzootic abortion (chlamydia abortus) - 3-4 weeks before mating
pasteurella
Heptavac P - clostridia and pasteurella - as lambs, initially 2 doses 4-6 weeks apart then yearly booster. boost last few weeks of pregnancy to pass immunity in colostrum to lambs
toxovac - toxoplasma
other sheep vaccines
foot rot - live, only if already have it
orf - live, skin admin, only if already have it
ovine johne’s
dog core vaccines
distemper
adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis)
parvovirus
lepto
WSAVA guidelines - dog vaccines
1st dose - 6-8 weeks
every 2-4 weeks to 16 weeks due to MDA up to 12 weeks
DHP+Lepto at 6 months
booster yearly for DHP and 3 yearly for lepto
leptospirosis dog vaccine
L2 - canicola and ichterohaemorrhagiae
L4 - above plus australis (bratislava) and grippotyphosa
icterohaemorrhagiae - most common in uk
canicola - rare since vax
bastisalva - emerging, more common in europe
grippotyphosa - mainland europe only
non-core dog vaccines
kennel cough - intranasal bortedella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida - at risk animals only, live vaccine
rabies - required to travel to EU or NI
canine herpes virus - breeding bitches to pass immunity to puppies
leishmaniasis - if travelling to endemic areas
borrelia burgdoferi - lyme disease - high risk individuals (sport/hunting dogs)
cat core vacccines
feline panleukopenia (parvovirus)
cat flu - herpesvirus and calicivirus
feline leukemia virus - only if outside or in contact with cats that go outside
cat non-core vaccines
chlamydophilia felis - breeding colonies with history of outbreaks
rabies - travel to EU or NI
bortedella bronchiseptica - easily treated with antibiotics, may be needed for catteries or attending shows
WSAVA guidelines cat vaccines
1st dose - 6-8 weeks, then every 2-4 weeks to 18 weeks
booster at 6 monts
3 years for panleukopenia, 1 year for cat flu
MDAs to 12 weeks
feline injection site sarcoma
most common with rabies and FeLV
require aggressive treatment
high recurrence
alternate vaccine sites
Rabbit vaccines
Myxo and RVHD (strains 1 and 2)
Myxo-RHD - strain 1 RHDV 1 only
Myxo-RHD plus - 1 and 2 (licensed in rabbits)
1st vax from 5 weeks old unless vaccinated dam (high MDAs)
if used strain 1 only and switching then should use inactivated RHDV2 vax then myxo-RHD plus 2 weeks later
Equine Influenza Virus
constantly needs updating for dominant strain
currently clade 1 and 2 or florida sublineage
dose 1 then dose 2 4-6 weeks later then 6 month boosters
ProteqFlu-Te - also with tetanus
EIV vaccine adverse effects
rare - injection site swelling, increased temp, muscle stiffness, injection site pain
very rare - injection site abscess, decreased appetite, hypersensitivity reaction
tetanus vaccine - horses
usually with flu vax - cheaper
booster every 2 years
emergency tetanus vaccination protocol
1st dose with tetanus antitoxin at different injection sites
2nd dose - 4 weeks later
3rd dose - 4 weeks later
strangles vaccine
could reduce clinical signs and occurrence of lymph node abscesses
only if at risk - in contact with horses where known pathogen
interferes with diagnostic testing
strangvac
2 doses, 4 weeks apart, from 5 months old
equine herpes virus
all resident horses on stud farm
reduced risk of abortion storm - doesn’t stop individual abortion
pregnant mares - boosters at 5, 7 and 9 months gestation
efficacy against respiratory signs and abortion, not neuro
equine viral arteritis
notifiable
stud vaccination to prevent spread to mares
do not vaccinate mares
seropositive after vaccination so need to test to document seronegativity before vaccination
other uk licensed horse vaccines
west nile - travel to endemic areas
rotavirus - in late pregnancy for good colostrum and milk levels
rabies - travel to EU and NI
calf pneumonia vaccine
intranasal - localised, rapid, short duration
avoids MDA interference
protective 3-4 days post vaccine
from 7 days old
parenteral - systemic protection, longer lasting but slower onset
multiple courses so repeated handling of calves needed
protection 2-3 weeks post vaccine
given from 2 weeks old - extended unprotected period
routine horse vaccines
equine influenza
tetanus
herpes virus
also rotavirus, strangles sometimes
need to be recorded in passport, different requirements for different show bodies
equine joint supplements
tumeric - anti inflammatory
boswelia - anti inflammatory
glucosamine and chondroitin - joint lubrication
horse degenerative joint disease
initial instability or injury
inflammation of synovial membrane
increased hydrostatic pressure –> influx of fluid –> swelling
release of chemical mediators (enzymes)
enzymatic breakdown of hyaluronan and cartilage
degenerated cartilage –> increased joint instability –> further degeneration
horse bad teeth nutrition
should have forage and hay to grind teeth (fibre)
soak hay
fibre supplementation to keep gut moving if can’t chew
more turn out time - fresh grass easier to chew
food on floor or low down - reaching up may cause bad teeth alignment
addition of vegetable oil to get more fat in (weight gain)
chop fibrous food smaller
feed a complete food
aging horses - muscle atrophy can look like weight loss, make sure not actually just normal old horse look
FWEC and bloods to check no additional issue with malabsorption
fat horse nutrition
should mostly just be on forage/hay unless very active
forage muzzle so they don’t eat all the time
cut out treats
risks associated with obesity - horses
EMS
diabetes
laminitis
joint issues
raw diet dogs
risks -
if homemade - not nutritionally complete
parasites
bacteria
not enough calcium - growth plates, osteoporosis
bone shards
not enough vitamin A - retinal degeneration
cardiomyopathy
why popular - nice looking, feels natural, can be cheaper, big thing online
rabbit nutrition
more hay - ad lib
less grass and pellets
minimal veg
ideally no fruit and no treats
leafy green veg - oxalates - kidney damage
risks of wrong diet - obesity, diabetes, gut stasis, dental damage, urinary sludge
vegan cat
taurine - needed from animal source, can’t make it themselves, chance plant based or artificial taurine not properly bioavailable to cats
taurine deficiency (not the best evidence of outcomes) - poor eyesight, stunted growth, difficulty breathing, heart disease, deafness
BVA state could be prosecuted under animal health act - 5 freedoms
metabolic disease definition
any illness in an animal caused by over exertion of their normal metabolism
ketosis pathogenesis
negative energy balance
mobilisation of fat
build up in the liver
release of ketones - acetone and BHB
ketosis signs
early signs - reduced yield and pear drop smell on breath
more severe - decreased appetite, loss of body condition, hard feces, circling
ketosis prevention
transition management between reproductive states - make sure getting enough energy, eat more during early lactation
keeping BCS down - if too high won’t be hungry so will ear less, more likely to end up in negative energy balance
ketosis treatment
glucocorticoids - immunosuppressive
glucose - boosts blood sugar
management of BCS
manipulation of diet to maximise intake poptential - maximise proprionate
milk fever cause
calcium requirement increases with lactation, not enough circulating calcium and takes time to to mobilise from intestines and bones
losses in feces, urine and milk
60L yield per day from high yielding dairy cow
milk fever signs
tetany - hyperexcitability of conducting membranes from low calcium
down cow
s bend in neck
milk fever prevention
vitamin D3 to activate calcium (in combination with PTH)
low calcium diet in dry period - early mobilisation of sotred calcium
calcium bolus at start of milking
maize silage - low calcium (grass silage very high)
milk fever treatment
IV calcium
grass staggers cause (hypomagnesemia)
can’t store magnesium so needed in diet
spring grass has low magnesium
low magnesium –> overexcitability of nerve and muscle activity (magnesium acts as suppressant)
grass staggers signs
over excitability of nerves and muscles
grass staggers treatment
magnesium therapy
grass staggers prevention
supplementation - in water trough, free access minerals, magnesium bullets
improved magnesium content of grass - threading clover, regular liming
avoid high potassium fertiliser
ruminal acidosis cause
high concentrate diet
lactic acid production by rumen bacteria
drop in rumen pH
wheat worst - rapidly developing VFAs
grass silage high risk
below pH5 - rumen stops contracting
below pH4.5 - fluid drawn from blood to rumen to try and dilute - draws lactic acid back into the blood and causes shock
ruminal acidosis signs
below 5 - loss of appetite, reduced weight gain
below 4.5 -
shock
fould smelling scour with undigested grain
down cow
maybe laminitis
ruminal acidosis prevention
increased forage (fibre) - stimulates rumination, saliva produced (bicarb and phosphate
artificial neutralising agents in feed
gradual move to concentrate diets
ad lib long fibre (straw)
avoid finely ground cereals
if ad lib - don’t let hoppers run out, will gorge when refilled
avoid grass silage - high risk for acidosis
