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CMS - term 1 > Preventative Medicine > Flashcards

Preventative Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata

A

Tapeworm

Small intestine/caecum

ELISA - serum or saliva

Show in feces after worming

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2
Q

Cyathostomins

A

Small stongyle

large intestine
encysted stages in mucosa

FWEC - McMasters

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3
Q

Parascaris Equorum

A

Ascarid

Small intestine

Foals

FWEC - McMasters

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4
Q

Oxyuris Equi

A

pinworm

perianal area - tape test

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5
Q

Faecal Worm Egg Count

A

Strongyles and ascarids

shows amount of egg excretion, not worm burden

doesn’t differentiate large and small strongyles

doesn’t provide info on larval stages

no good for tapeworm, lungworm, bots, pinworm, or flukes

modified mcmasters

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6
Q

Tapeworm ELISA

A

serum and saliva

identify exposure to tapeworm (antibodies) - antibodies do tend to correlate with number of tapeworms present

titres high up to 4 months after treatment

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7
Q

small redworm ELISA

A

small strongyles

specific for larval stages but identifies all life stages of cyathostomins

useful to demonstrate absence of exposure but most are exposed so may lead to overuse of anthelmintics (moxidectin)

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8
Q

FWEC Sample collection

A

minimum 10g sample
sample from multiple points
must be <12 hours from voided
can be refridgerated - 48 hours - ok to post

if sample left too long eggs may multiply

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9
Q

FWEC cut off

A

200 - 500 epg

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9
Q

CANTER

A

low –> medium –> high risk

clinical history
age - under 5 or old (medium), under 1 or geriatric with comorbidities (high)
number of horses - stocking density
test results
environment - poo picking etc
risk profile - calculated as combination of above

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10
Q

Modified McMasters

A

(chamber 1 + chamber 2) * 50 = eggs per gram

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11
Q

Bovine respiratory viruses

A

BRSV
PI3
BHV-1 (IBR)
BVD

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12
Q

Bovine respiratory bacteria

A

pasteurella multocida (mostly calves)
histophilus somni
manheima haemolytica
mycoplasma bovis

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13
Q

bovine respiratory parasites

A

lungworm

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14
Q

IBR

A

Bovine herpesvirus-1
latent in trigeminal ganglion

severe respiratory disease –> fatal pneumonia
milk yield drop
infertility and abortion
inflammation of vulva/prepuce
fever
inappetence
runny eyes and nose

vaccinations available - intranasal or IM, live or attenuated, with marker to differentiate from naturally derived antibodies

testing - milk or blood ELISA for antibodies or PCR for virus

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15
Q

IBR DDX

A

pneumonia
malignant catarrhal fever
mucosal disease
bluetongue
foot and mouth
other viruses - PI3, BRSV, bovine coronavirus, bacterial pneumonia
lungworm

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16
Q

IBR prevention

A

biosecurity
closed herd
vaccination - reduces new infections, spread and viral shedding
culling
limiting contact with outside animals
ventilation
lower stocking

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17
Q

intranasal vaccines

A

quicker acting
shorter immunity
act directly on site of infection
can be used when already sick

can be used during pregnancy - before 2nd trimester

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18
Q

bulk milk tank testing

A

BVD
IBR
Johnes
Lepto
Fasciola hepatica
BRSV
PI3

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19
Q

BVD

A

weakened immune system
repro signs - infertility, abortion, birth defects
persistently infected calves - can lead to fatal mucosal disease

vaccines - bovilis (inactivated, yearly booster), bovela (live, single dose for when you need it)

ELISA - antibody
PCR - virus detection

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20
Q

Johne’s

A

mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
chronic weight loss and diarrhoea
latent for years before signs

ELISA - antibody

positive only if active infection, negative does not rule out johne’s

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21
Q

leptospirosis

A

zoonotic
milk yield drop
infertility
late abortion
weak calves with poor survival

excretion via kidneys and repro tract
may shed forever or intermittently

ELISA - antibody

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22
Q

Fasciola Hepatica

A

Liver Fluke

also humans and horses

ELISA - antibody

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23
Q

BRSV

A

Bovine respiratory synctial virus

common in calves under 12 months

ELISA - antibody

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24
PI3
bovine parainfluenza virus 3 associated with bovine respiratory disease complex ELISA - antibody
25
common cattle vaccines
BVD IBR Lepto BRD - IBR, BRSV, PI3, BVD
26
other cattle vaccines
calf scours - rotavirus, coronavirus and e coli - vaccinate dam to pass antibodies in colostrum salmonella mastitis ringworm lungworm clostridia arboviruses - bluetongue, schmallenberg
27
common sheep vaccines
clostridial diseases - pulpy kidney (perfringens D), lamb dysentery (perfringens B), struck (perfringens C), braxy (clostridium septicum), black disease (clostridium noyvi), tetanus (clostridium tetani) abortion vaccine - toxoplasma gondii and enzootic abortion (chlamydia abortus) - 3-4 weeks before mating pasteurella Heptavac P - clostridia and pasteurella - as lambs, initially 2 doses 4-6 weeks apart then yearly booster. boost last few weeks of pregnancy to pass immunity in colostrum to lambs toxovac - toxoplasma
28
other sheep vaccines
foot rot - live, only if already have it orf - live, skin admin, only if already have it ovine johne's
29
dog core vaccines
distemper adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis) parvovirus lepto
30
WSAVA guidelines - dog vaccines
1st dose - 6-8 weeks every 2-4 weeks to 16 weeks due to MDA up to 12 weeks DHP+Lepto at 6 months booster yearly for DHP and 3 yearly for lepto
31
leptospirosis dog vaccine
L2 - canicola and ichterohaemorrhagiae L4 - above plus australis (bratislava) and grippotyphosa icterohaemorrhagiae - most common in uk canicola - rare since vax bastisalva - emerging, more common in europe grippotyphosa - mainland europe only
32
non-core dog vaccines
kennel cough - intranasal bortedella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida - at risk animals only, live vaccine rabies - required to travel to EU or NI canine herpes virus - breeding bitches to pass immunity to puppies leishmaniasis - if travelling to endemic areas borrelia burgdoferi - lyme disease - high risk individuals (sport/hunting dogs)
33
cat core vacccines
feline panleukopenia (parvovirus) cat flu - herpesvirus and calicivirus feline leukemia virus - only if outside or in contact with cats that go outside
34
cat non-core vaccines
chlamydophilia felis - breeding colonies with history of outbreaks rabies - travel to EU or NI bortedella bronchiseptica - easily treated with antibiotics, may be needed for catteries or attending shows
35
WSAVA guidelines cat vaccines
1st dose - 6-8 weeks, then every 2-4 weeks to 18 weeks booster at 6 monts 3 years for panleukopenia, 1 year for cat flu MDAs to 12 weeks
36
feline injection site sarcoma
most common with rabies and FeLV require aggressive treatment high recurrence alternate vaccine sites
37
Rabbit vaccines
Myxo and RVHD (strains 1 and 2) Myxo-RHD - strain 1 RHDV 1 only Myxo-RHD plus - 1 and 2 (licensed in rabbits) 1st vax from 5 weeks old unless vaccinated dam (high MDAs) if used strain 1 only and switching then should use inactivated RHDV2 vax then myxo-RHD plus 2 weeks later
38
Equine Influenza Virus
constantly needs updating for dominant strain currently clade 1 and 2 or florida sublineage dose 1 then dose 2 4-6 weeks later then 6 month boosters ProteqFlu-Te - also with tetanus
39
EIV vaccine adverse effects
rare - injection site swelling, increased temp, muscle stiffness, injection site pain very rare - injection site abscess, decreased appetite, hypersensitivity reaction
40
tetanus vaccine - horses
usually with flu vax - cheaper booster every 2 years
41
emergency tetanus vaccination protocol
1st dose with tetanus antitoxin at different injection sites 2nd dose - 4 weeks later 3rd dose - 4 weeks later
42
strangles vaccine
could reduce clinical signs and occurrence of lymph node abscesses only if at risk - in contact with horses where known pathogen interferes with diagnostic testing strangvac 2 doses, 4 weeks apart, from 5 months old
43
equine herpes virus
all resident horses on stud farm reduced risk of abortion storm - doesn't stop individual abortion pregnant mares - boosters at 5, 7 and 9 months gestation efficacy against respiratory signs and abortion, not neuro
44
equine viral arteritis
notifiable stud vaccination to prevent spread to mares do not vaccinate mares seropositive after vaccination so need to test to document seronegativity before vaccination
45
other uk licensed horse vaccines
west nile - travel to endemic areas rotavirus - in late pregnancy for good colostrum and milk levels rabies - travel to EU and NI
46
calf pneumonia vaccine
intranasal - localised, rapid, short duration avoids MDA interference protective 3-4 days post vaccine from 7 days old parenteral - systemic protection, longer lasting but slower onset multiple courses so repeated handling of calves needed protection 2-3 weeks post vaccine given from 2 weeks old - extended unprotected period
47
routine horse vaccines
equine influenza tetanus herpes virus also rotavirus, strangles sometimes need to be recorded in passport, different requirements for different show bodies
48
equine joint supplements
tumeric - anti inflammatory boswelia - anti inflammatory glucosamine and chondroitin - joint lubrication
49
horse degenerative joint disease
initial instability or injury inflammation of synovial membrane increased hydrostatic pressure --> influx of fluid --> swelling release of chemical mediators (enzymes) enzymatic breakdown of hyaluronan and cartilage degenerated cartilage --> increased joint instability --> further degeneration
50
horse bad teeth nutrition
should have forage and hay to grind teeth (fibre) soak hay fibre supplementation to keep gut moving if can't chew more turn out time - fresh grass easier to chew food on floor or low down - reaching up may cause bad teeth alignment addition of vegetable oil to get more fat in (weight gain) chop fibrous food smaller feed a complete food aging horses - muscle atrophy can look like weight loss, make sure not actually just normal old horse look FWEC and bloods to check no additional issue with malabsorption
51
fat horse nutrition
should mostly just be on forage/hay unless very active forage muzzle so they don't eat all the time cut out treats
52
risks associated with obesity - horses
EMS diabetes laminitis joint issues
53
raw diet dogs
risks - if homemade - not nutritionally complete parasites bacteria not enough calcium - growth plates, osteoporosis bone shards not enough vitamin A - retinal degeneration cardiomyopathy why popular - nice looking, feels natural, can be cheaper, big thing online
54
rabbit nutrition
more hay - ad lib less grass and pellets minimal veg ideally no fruit and no treats leafy green veg - oxalates - kidney damage risks of wrong diet - obesity, diabetes, gut stasis, dental damage, urinary sludge
55
vegan cat
taurine - needed from animal source, can't make it themselves, chance plant based or artificial taurine not properly bioavailable to cats taurine deficiency (not the best evidence of outcomes) - poor eyesight, stunted growth, difficulty breathing, heart disease, deafness BVA state could be prosecuted under animal health act - 5 freedoms
56
metabolic disease definition
any illness in an animal caused by over exertion of their normal metabolism
57
ketosis pathogenesis
negative energy balance mobilisation of fat build up in the liver release of ketones - acetone and BHB
58
ketosis signs
early signs - reduced yield and pear drop smell on breath more severe - decreased appetite, loss of body condition, hard feces, circling
59
ketosis prevention
transition management between reproductive states - make sure getting enough energy, eat more during early lactation keeping BCS down - if too high won't be hungry so will ear less, more likely to end up in negative energy balance
60
ketosis treatment
glucocorticoids - immunosuppressive glucose - boosts blood sugar management of BCS manipulation of diet to maximise intake poptential - maximise proprionate
61
milk fever cause
calcium requirement increases with lactation, not enough circulating calcium and takes time to to mobilise from intestines and bones losses in feces, urine and milk 60L yield per day from high yielding dairy cow
62
milk fever signs
tetany - hyperexcitability of conducting membranes from low calcium down cow s bend in neck
63
milk fever prevention
vitamin D3 to activate calcium (in combination with PTH) low calcium diet in dry period - early mobilisation of sotred calcium calcium bolus at start of milking maize silage - low calcium (grass silage very high)
64
milk fever treatment
IV calcium
65
grass staggers cause (hypomagnesemia)
can't store magnesium so needed in diet spring grass has low magnesium low magnesium --> overexcitability of nerve and muscle activity (magnesium acts as suppressant)
66
grass staggers signs
over excitability of nerves and muscles
67
grass staggers treatment
magnesium therapy
68
grass staggers prevention
supplementation - in water trough, free access minerals, magnesium bullets improved magnesium content of grass - threading clover, regular liming avoid high potassium fertiliser
69
ruminal acidosis cause
high concentrate diet lactic acid production by rumen bacteria drop in rumen pH wheat worst - rapidly developing VFAs grass silage high risk below pH5 - rumen stops contracting below pH4.5 - fluid drawn from blood to rumen to try and dilute - draws lactic acid back into the blood and causes shock
70
ruminal acidosis signs
below 5 - loss of appetite, reduced weight gain below 4.5 - shock fould smelling scour with undigested grain down cow maybe laminitis
71
ruminal acidosis prevention
increased forage (fibre) - stimulates rumination, saliva produced (bicarb and phosphate artificial neutralising agents in feed gradual move to concentrate diets ad lib long fibre (straw) avoid finely ground cereals if ad lib - don't let hoppers run out, will gorge when refilled avoid grass silage - high risk for acidosis

CMS - term 1 (15 decks)

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