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CMS - term 1 > Preventative Medicine > Flashcards

Preventative Medicine Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata

A

Tapeworm

Small intestine/caecum

ELISA - serum or saliva

Show in feces after worming

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2
Q

Cyathostomins

A

Small stongyle

large intestine
encysted stages in mucosa

FWEC - McMasters

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3
Q

Parascaris Equorum

A

Ascarid

Small intestine

Foals

FWEC - McMasters

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4
Q

Oxyuris Equi

A

pinworm

perianal area - tape test

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5
Q

Faecal Worm Egg Count

A

Strongyles and ascarids

shows amount of egg excretion, not worm burden

doesn’t differentiate large and small strongyles

doesn’t provide info on larval stages

no good for tapeworm, lungworm, bots, pinworm, or flukes

modified mcmasters

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6
Q

Tapeworm ELISA

A

serum and saliva

identify exposure to tapeworm (antibodies) - antibodies do tend to correlate with number of tapeworms present

titres high up to 4 months after treatment

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7
Q

small redworm ELISA

A

small strongyles

specific for larval stages but identifies all life stages of cyathostomins

useful to demonstrate absence of exposure but most are exposed so may lead to overuse of anthelmintics (moxidectin)

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8
Q

FWEC Sample collection

A

minimum 10g sample
sample from multiple points
must be <12 hours from voided
can be refridgerated - 48 hours - ok to post

if sample left too long eggs may multiply

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9
Q

FWEC cut off

A

200 - 500 epg

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9
Q

CANTER

A

low –> medium –> high risk

clinical history
age - under 5 or old (medium), under 1 or geriatric with comorbidities (high)
number of horses - stocking density
test results
environment - poo picking etc
risk profile - calculated as combination of above

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10
Q

Modified McMasters

A

(chamber 1 + chamber 2) * 50 = eggs per gram

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11
Q

Bovine respiratory viruses

A

BRSV
PI3
BHV-1 (IBR)
BVD

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12
Q

Bovine respiratory bacteria

A

pasteurella multocida (mostly calves)
histophilus somni
manheima haemolytica
mycoplasma bovis

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13
Q

bovine respiratory parasites

A

lungworm

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14
Q

IBR

A

Bovine herpesvirus-1
latent in trigeminal ganglion

severe respiratory disease –> fatal pneumonia
milk yield drop
infertility and abortion
inflammation of vulva/prepuce
fever
inappetence
runny eyes and nose

vaccinations available - intranasal or IM, live or attenuated, with marker to differentiate from naturally derived antibodies

testing - milk or blood ELISA for antibodies or PCR for virus

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15
Q

IBR DDX

A

pneumonia
malignant catarrhal fever
mucosal disease
bluetongue
foot and mouth
other viruses - PI3, BRSV, bovine coronavirus, bacterial pneumonia
lungworm

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16
Q

IBR prevention

A

biosecurity
closed herd
vaccination - reduces new infections, spread and viral shedding
culling
limiting contact with outside animals
ventilation
lower stocking

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17
Q

intranasal vaccines

A

quicker acting
shorter immunity
act directly on site of infection
can be used when already sick

can be used during pregnancy - before 2nd trimester

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18
Q

bulk milk tank testing

A

BVD
IBR
Johnes
Lepto
Fasciola hepatica
BRSV
PI3

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19
Q

BVD

A

weakened immune system
repro signs - infertility, abortion, birth defects
persistently infected calves - can lead to fatal mucosal disease

vaccines - bovilis (inactivated, yearly booster), bovela (live, single dose for when you need it)

ELISA - antibody
PCR - virus detection

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20
Q

Johne’s

A

mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
chronic weight loss and diarrhoea
latent for years before signs

ELISA - antibody

positive only if active infection, negative does not rule out johne’s

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21
Q

leptospirosis

A

zoonotic
milk yield drop
infertility
late abortion
weak calves with poor survival

excretion via kidneys and repro tract
may shed forever or intermittently

ELISA - antibody

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22
Q

Fasciola Hepatica

A

Liver Fluke

also humans and horses

ELISA - antibody

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23
Q

BRSV

A

Bovine respiratory synctial virus

common in calves under 12 months

ELISA - antibody

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24
Q

PI3

A

bovine parainfluenza virus 3

associated with bovine respiratory disease complex

ELISA - antibody

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25
Q

common cattle vaccines

A

BVD
IBR
Lepto
BRD - IBR, BRSV, PI3, BVD

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26
Q

other cattle vaccines

A

calf scours - rotavirus, coronavirus and e coli - vaccinate dam to pass antibodies in colostrum
salmonella
mastitis
ringworm
lungworm
clostridia
arboviruses - bluetongue, schmallenberg

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27
Q

common sheep vaccines

A

clostridial diseases - pulpy kidney (perfringens D), lamb dysentery (perfringens B), struck (perfringens C), braxy (clostridium septicum), black disease (clostridium noyvi), tetanus (clostridium tetani)

abortion vaccine - toxoplasma gondii and enzootic abortion (chlamydia abortus) - 3-4 weeks before mating

pasteurella

Heptavac P - clostridia and pasteurella - as lambs, initially 2 doses 4-6 weeks apart then yearly booster. boost last few weeks of pregnancy to pass immunity in colostrum to lambs
toxovac - toxoplasma

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28
Q

other sheep vaccines

A

foot rot - live, only if already have it
orf - live, skin admin, only if already have it
ovine johne’s

29
Q

dog core vaccines

A

distemper
adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis)
parvovirus
lepto

30
Q

WSAVA guidelines - dog vaccines

A

1st dose - 6-8 weeks
every 2-4 weeks to 16 weeks due to MDA up to 12 weeks
DHP+Lepto at 6 months
booster yearly for DHP and 3 yearly for lepto

31
Q

leptospirosis dog vaccine

A

L2 - canicola and ichterohaemorrhagiae
L4 - above plus australis (bratislava) and grippotyphosa

icterohaemorrhagiae - most common in uk
canicola - rare since vax
bastisalva - emerging, more common in europe
grippotyphosa - mainland europe only

32
Q

non-core dog vaccines

A

kennel cough - intranasal bortedella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida - at risk animals only, live vaccine

rabies - required to travel to EU or NI

canine herpes virus - breeding bitches to pass immunity to puppies

leishmaniasis - if travelling to endemic areas

borrelia burgdoferi - lyme disease - high risk individuals (sport/hunting dogs)

33
Q

cat core vacccines

A

feline panleukopenia (parvovirus)
cat flu - herpesvirus and calicivirus
feline leukemia virus - only if outside or in contact with cats that go outside

34
Q

cat non-core vaccines

A

chlamydophilia felis - breeding colonies with history of outbreaks
rabies - travel to EU or NI
bortedella bronchiseptica - easily treated with antibiotics, may be needed for catteries or attending shows

35
Q

WSAVA guidelines cat vaccines

A

1st dose - 6-8 weeks, then every 2-4 weeks to 18 weeks
booster at 6 monts
3 years for panleukopenia, 1 year for cat flu

MDAs to 12 weeks

36
Q

feline injection site sarcoma

A

most common with rabies and FeLV
require aggressive treatment
high recurrence
alternate vaccine sites

37
Q

Rabbit vaccines

A

Myxo and RVHD (strains 1 and 2)

Myxo-RHD - strain 1 RHDV 1 only
Myxo-RHD plus - 1 and 2 (licensed in rabbits)

1st vax from 5 weeks old unless vaccinated dam (high MDAs)
if used strain 1 only and switching then should use inactivated RHDV2 vax then myxo-RHD plus 2 weeks later

38
Q

Equine Influenza Virus

A

constantly needs updating for dominant strain
currently clade 1 and 2 or florida sublineage

dose 1 then dose 2 4-6 weeks later then 6 month boosters

ProteqFlu-Te - also with tetanus

39
Q

EIV vaccine adverse effects

A

rare - injection site swelling, increased temp, muscle stiffness, injection site pain

very rare - injection site abscess, decreased appetite, hypersensitivity reaction

40
Q

tetanus vaccine - horses

A

usually with flu vax - cheaper

booster every 2 years

41
Q

emergency tetanus vaccination protocol

A

1st dose with tetanus antitoxin at different injection sites
2nd dose - 4 weeks later
3rd dose - 4 weeks later

42
Q

strangles vaccine

A

could reduce clinical signs and occurrence of lymph node abscesses
only if at risk - in contact with horses where known pathogen
interferes with diagnostic testing

strangvac

2 doses, 4 weeks apart, from 5 months old

43
Q

equine herpes virus

A

all resident horses on stud farm
reduced risk of abortion storm - doesn’t stop individual abortion
pregnant mares - boosters at 5, 7 and 9 months gestation
efficacy against respiratory signs and abortion, not neuro

44
Q

equine viral arteritis

A

notifiable
stud vaccination to prevent spread to mares
do not vaccinate mares
seropositive after vaccination so need to test to document seronegativity before vaccination

45
Q

other uk licensed horse vaccines

A

west nile - travel to endemic areas
rotavirus - in late pregnancy for good colostrum and milk levels
rabies - travel to EU and NI

46
Q

calf pneumonia vaccine

A

intranasal - localised, rapid, short duration
avoids MDA interference
protective 3-4 days post vaccine
from 7 days old

parenteral - systemic protection, longer lasting but slower onset
multiple courses so repeated handling of calves needed
protection 2-3 weeks post vaccine
given from 2 weeks old - extended unprotected period

47
Q

routine horse vaccines

A

equine influenza
tetanus
herpes virus

also rotavirus, strangles sometimes

need to be recorded in passport, different requirements for different show bodies

48
Q

equine joint supplements

A

tumeric - anti inflammatory
boswelia - anti inflammatory
glucosamine and chondroitin - joint lubrication

49
Q

horse degenerative joint disease

A

initial instability or injury
inflammation of synovial membrane
increased hydrostatic pressure –> influx of fluid –> swelling
release of chemical mediators (enzymes)
enzymatic breakdown of hyaluronan and cartilage
degenerated cartilage –> increased joint instability –> further degeneration

50
Q

horse bad teeth nutrition

A

should have forage and hay to grind teeth (fibre)
soak hay
fibre supplementation to keep gut moving if can’t chew
more turn out time - fresh grass easier to chew
food on floor or low down - reaching up may cause bad teeth alignment
addition of vegetable oil to get more fat in (weight gain)
chop fibrous food smaller
feed a complete food

aging horses - muscle atrophy can look like weight loss, make sure not actually just normal old horse look
FWEC and bloods to check no additional issue with malabsorption

51
Q

fat horse nutrition

A

should mostly just be on forage/hay unless very active
forage muzzle so they don’t eat all the time
cut out treats

52
Q

risks associated with obesity - horses

A

EMS
diabetes
laminitis
joint issues

53
Q

raw diet dogs

A

risks -
if homemade - not nutritionally complete
parasites
bacteria
not enough calcium - growth plates, osteoporosis
bone shards
not enough vitamin A - retinal degeneration
cardiomyopathy

why popular - nice looking, feels natural, can be cheaper, big thing online

54
Q

rabbit nutrition

A

more hay - ad lib
less grass and pellets
minimal veg
ideally no fruit and no treats

leafy green veg - oxalates - kidney damage

risks of wrong diet - obesity, diabetes, gut stasis, dental damage, urinary sludge

55
Q

vegan cat

A

taurine - needed from animal source, can’t make it themselves, chance plant based or artificial taurine not properly bioavailable to cats

taurine deficiency (not the best evidence of outcomes) - poor eyesight, stunted growth, difficulty breathing, heart disease, deafness

BVA state could be prosecuted under animal health act - 5 freedoms

56
Q

metabolic disease definition

A

any illness in an animal caused by over exertion of their normal metabolism

57
Q

ketosis pathogenesis

A

negative energy balance
mobilisation of fat
build up in the liver
release of ketones - acetone and BHB

58
Q

ketosis signs

A

early signs - reduced yield and pear drop smell on breath
more severe - decreased appetite, loss of body condition, hard feces, circling

59
Q

ketosis prevention

A

transition management between reproductive states - make sure getting enough energy, eat more during early lactation

keeping BCS down - if too high won’t be hungry so will ear less, more likely to end up in negative energy balance

60
Q

ketosis treatment

A

glucocorticoids - immunosuppressive
glucose - boosts blood sugar
management of BCS
manipulation of diet to maximise intake poptential - maximise proprionate

61
Q

milk fever cause

A

calcium requirement increases with lactation, not enough circulating calcium and takes time to to mobilise from intestines and bones

losses in feces, urine and milk

60L yield per day from high yielding dairy cow

62
Q

milk fever signs

A

tetany - hyperexcitability of conducting membranes from low calcium
down cow
s bend in neck

63
Q

milk fever prevention

A

vitamin D3 to activate calcium (in combination with PTH)
low calcium diet in dry period - early mobilisation of sotred calcium
calcium bolus at start of milking

maize silage - low calcium (grass silage very high)

64
Q

milk fever treatment

A

IV calcium

65
Q

grass staggers cause (hypomagnesemia)

A

can’t store magnesium so needed in diet
spring grass has low magnesium
low magnesium –> overexcitability of nerve and muscle activity (magnesium acts as suppressant)

66
Q

grass staggers signs

A

over excitability of nerves and muscles

67
Q

grass staggers treatment

A

magnesium therapy

68
Q

grass staggers prevention

A

supplementation - in water trough, free access minerals, magnesium bullets
improved magnesium content of grass - threading clover, regular liming
avoid high potassium fertiliser

69
Q

ruminal acidosis cause

A

high concentrate diet
lactic acid production by rumen bacteria
drop in rumen pH

wheat worst - rapidly developing VFAs
grass silage high risk

below pH5 - rumen stops contracting
below pH4.5 - fluid drawn from blood to rumen to try and dilute - draws lactic acid back into the blood and causes shock

70
Q

ruminal acidosis signs

A

below 5 - loss of appetite, reduced weight gain
below 4.5 -
shock
fould smelling scour with undigested grain
down cow
maybe laminitis

71
Q

ruminal acidosis prevention

A

increased forage (fibre) - stimulates rumination, saliva produced (bicarb and phosphate
artificial neutralising agents in feed
gradual move to concentrate diets
ad lib long fibre (straw)
avoid finely ground cereals
if ad lib - don’t let hoppers run out, will gorge when refilled

avoid grass silage - high risk for acidosis

CMS - term 1 (15 decks)

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