Reproductive Flashcards
Prostatitis
Risks: Young and middle aged males, a past episode of prostatitis, infection of bladder of urethra, pelvic trauma, dehydration, using urinary catheter, having unprotected sex
Prevention: Practice good hygiene, stay hydrated, and diagnose early
Epididymitis
Risks: Histories of infection, multiple sex partners, uncircumcised penis, anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract
Prevention: Abstinence, monogamy, using latex condoms, treating infections early
Orchitis
Risks: Not being immunized against mumps, recurring urinary tract infections and STIs, surgery involving the genitalia, multiple sex partners
Prevention: Vaccination against mumps, abstinence, monogamy, use of latex condoms
Cryptorchidism
Risks: Low birth weight and premature birth(particularly infants born before 8 months of gestation)
Testicular Cancer
Risks: Cryptorchidism, family history of testicular cancer, abnormal testicular development
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia(BPH)
Causes: Idiopathic, considered to be part of aging process
Prostate Cancer
Risks: Older age(men 67 and above), race(more common in African-American), prostatic and genome changes
Erectile Dysfunction
Causes: Psychological(stress, anxiety, fear), diabetes, kidney disease, neurological disease
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID)
Risks: Sexually active women under 25, age-bearing women, polygamy, contracting STIs
Prevention: Abstinence, monogamy, protected sex, early STI diagnosis
Cervical Cancer
Risks: Human papillomavirus(HPV)
Prevention: HPV vaccines at a young age, abstinence
Endometrial Cancer
Risks: Abnormal overgrowth of the endometrium(endometrial hyperplasia), early puberty, late menopause, obesity and never having given birth, estrogen replacement therapy
Leiomyomas
Risks: After age of 30
Ovarian Cancer
Risks: Familial history of cancer, never having given birth and age
Breast Cancer
Risks: Age, never having given birth or having first child late, familial history of cancer
Fibroadenomas
Risks: Women 15-30 and pregnant women
Breast Cysts
Risks/Causes: Idiopathic
Fibrocystic Breast Changes(FBC)
Risks: Women of child-bearing age
Amenorrhea
Risks: Eating disorders, athletic training, family history
Causes: Primary(chromosomal abnormalities, endocrine dysfunction, structural abnormality of vagina), Secondary(pregnancy, contraceptives, stress, medication, hormone imbalance, excessive exercise and more)
Dysmenorrhea
Risks: Early puberty, heavy bleeding during menses, family history, smoking
Menorrhagia
Risks: Young women who have recently started menstruating and older women approaching menopause
Metorrhagia
Causes: Hormonal imbalance, uterine fibroid tumors, pregnancy complications including miscarriage and ectopic pregnancies
Premenstrual Syndrome(PMS) & Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder(PMDD)
Risks: PMS(Mental health problems(anxiety or depression), family history and age), PMDD(Family history of PMS or PMDD, personal or family history of depression, post-partum depression, sexual abuse, or a mood disorder)
Ectopic Pregnancy
Risks: PID, endometriosis, previous pelvic surgery, infertility, smoking, or uterine structural abnormalities
Causes: Scarring caused by previous surgeries, infection of the fallopian tubes
Spontaneous Abortion/Miscarriage
Risks: Maternal age, previous miscarriage
Preeclampsia
Risks: First-time pregnancies, pregnant teens, women over 40 years of age, carrying more than one baby, obesity, or a history of diabetes, kidney disease, lupus
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus(GMD)
Risks: Family history of type-II diabetes, age, obesity
Menopause
Causes: Occurs between 45-55 years old
Uterine Prolapse
Risks: Age, delivery of a large baby, one or more vaginal births
Causes: Trauma to the muscle, fascia, and pelvic ligaments during pregnancy and childbirth
Cystocele
Risks: Age, previous vaginal childbirths, having a hysterectomy
Causes: Trauma to the pelvic ligaments and surrounding regions during pregnancy and delivery
Rectocele
Causes: trauma to pelvic ligaments and surrounding regions during pregnancy and delivery
Gonorrhea
Risks: Sexual contact, childbirth
Causes: Gram-negative coccus bacteria Neiserria gonorrhoeae
Syphilis
Risks: Sexual contact, direct contact with a syphilis chancre(genital wart), during childbirth
Causes: Bacterium Treponema pallidum
Chlamydia
Risks: Sexual contact, during vaginal childbirth
Causes: Bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
Trichomoniasis
Causes: Protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis
Genital Herpes
Causes: Spread through secretions of mouth or genitals
Genital Warts
Causes: HPV-6 or HPV-11
