Cardiovascular

Question 1

Coronary Artery Disease(CAD)

Answer 1

Risks: Genetic predesposition, older than 40 years old men, post-menopausal woman, Caucasians, smoking, urban society residents, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, elevated cholesterol, lack of exercise, stress
Prevention: Diet low in fat, salt, cholesterol, exercise, reduce stress and reduce smoking

Question 2

Angina Pectoris

Answer 2

Causes: Spasms of coronary arteries, severe tachycardia, anemia, respiratory disease
Prevention: Lifestyle modification, diet low in fat, cholesterol and salt, control of hypertension, weight loss, smoking cessation, reduce stress

Question 3

Myocardial Infarction(MI)

Answer 3

Cause: Insufficient oxygen supply, coronary thrombosis
Prevention: Lifestyle modifications

Question 4

Cardiac Arrest

Answer 4

Risks: Respiratory arrest, arrythmia, MI, electrocution, drowning, severe trauma, hemorrhage, drug overdose
Cause: Absence of oxygen to tissue

Question 5

Essential Hypertension/Primary Hypertension

Answer 5

Risks: Increased age, hyperlipidemia, stress, heredity, smoking obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, hyperactive
Prevention: Don’t do the above

Question 6

Malignant Hypertension

Answer 6

Risks: Stress, CVA, stroke, irreversible renal damage
Prevention: Reduce stress and comply with drug therapy

Question 7

Congestive Heart Failure(CHF)

Answer 7

Risks/Causes: MI, hypertension, CAD, COPD, cardiac valve damage, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy
Prevention: Early medical intervention, education about contributors

Question 8

Cor Pulmonale

Answer 8

Risks: Emphysema, fibrotic pulmonary lesions, pulmonary emboli
Causes: Diseased pulmonary blood vessels, chronic hypoxemia

Question 9

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 9

Causes: Left sided heart failure, mitral valve disease, pulmonary embolism, systemic hypertension, arrhythmias, renal failure, head trauma, drug overdose, high altitudes
Prevention: Prevention of heart diseases, avoidance of risk factors

Question 10

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 10

Causes: Dilated(chronic alcoholism, autoimmune process, viral infection, Hypertrophic(Genetic, idiopathic), Restrictive(Infiltrative process)
Prevention: According to type of cardiomyopathy

Question 11

Pericarditis

Answer 11

Causes: Idiopathic or consequential of other infections in the body
Prevention: Prompt treatment of infections

Question 12

Myocarditis

Answer 12

Causes: Damage to myocardium caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, alcohol, radiation, complication of other diseases such as influenza, diphtheria, mumps, rheumatic fever, collagen disease

Question 13

Endocarditis

Answer 13

Risks: Damaged cardiac valves
Causes: Pre-existing heart disease, immuologic reaction

Question 14

Rheumatic Fever

Answer 14

Causes: Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, autoimmunity, usually in children
Prevention: Prophylactic administration of antibiotics for strep throat

Question 15

Mitral Stenosis

Answer 15

Causes: Rheumatic Heart Disease, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
Prevention: Prevent rheumatic fever and the subsequent rheumatic heart disease

Question 16

Mitral Insufficiency

Answer 16

Causes: Scar tissue resulting from inflammation and vegetations(endocarditis), rheumatic fever, mitral valve prolapse, CAD, MI, cardiac dialation
Prevention: Prevent rheumatic fever, prevent scarring of heart tissue

Question 17

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Answer 17

Causes: Benign, abnormally long or short chordae tendinae

Question 18

Arrythmias

Answer 18

Causes: Interference with conduction system of heart(SA node/pacemaker, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers), ischemia, drugs
Prevention: Avoid drugs, causative activities

Question 19

Shock

Answer 19

Causes: Anaphylaxis, hemorrhage, sepsis, respiratory distress, heart failure, neurologic failure, emotional catastrophe, severe metabolic insult, failure of heart to pump adequately, inadequate oxygen, vascular collapse with massive dilation causing blood to pool away from vital areas

Question 20

Cardiogenic Shock

Answer 20

Causes: MI, severe heart failure, arrythmias, acute valve failure

Question 21

Cardiac Tamponade(Cardiac Compression)

Answer 21

Causes: Integrity of vessels, cancer, chronic kidney failure, hypothyroidism, lupus

Question 22

Disorders of Hemostasis(Bleeding Disorders)

Answer 22

Causes: Abnormal platelet function or number, vitamin K deficiency, clotting factor deficiencies