Cardiovascular Flashcards
Coronary Artery Disease(CAD)
Risks: Genetic predesposition, older than 40 years old men, post-menopausal woman, Caucasians, smoking, urban society residents, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, elevated cholesterol, lack of exercise, stress
Prevention: Diet low in fat, salt, cholesterol, exercise, reduce stress and reduce smoking
Angina Pectoris
Causes: Spasms of coronary arteries, severe tachycardia, anemia, respiratory disease
Prevention: Lifestyle modification, diet low in fat, cholesterol and salt, control of hypertension, weight loss, smoking cessation, reduce stress
Myocardial Infarction(MI)
Cause: Insufficient oxygen supply, coronary thrombosis
Prevention: Lifestyle modifications
Cardiac Arrest
Risks: Respiratory arrest, arrythmia, MI, electrocution, drowning, severe trauma, hemorrhage, drug overdose
Cause: Absence of oxygen to tissue
Essential Hypertension/Primary Hypertension
Risks: Increased age, hyperlipidemia, stress, heredity, smoking obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, hyperactive
Prevention: Don’t do the above
Malignant Hypertension
Risks: Stress, CVA, stroke, irreversible renal damage
Prevention: Reduce stress and comply with drug therapy
Congestive Heart Failure(CHF)
Risks/Causes: MI, hypertension, CAD, COPD, cardiac valve damage, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy
Prevention: Early medical intervention, education about contributors
Cor Pulmonale
Risks: Emphysema, fibrotic pulmonary lesions, pulmonary emboli
Causes: Diseased pulmonary blood vessels, chronic hypoxemia
Pulmonary Edema
Causes: Left sided heart failure, mitral valve disease, pulmonary embolism, systemic hypertension, arrhythmias, renal failure, head trauma, drug overdose, high altitudes
Prevention: Prevention of heart diseases, avoidance of risk factors
Cardiomyopathy
Causes: Dilated(chronic alcoholism, autoimmune process, viral infection, Hypertrophic(Genetic, idiopathic), Restrictive(Infiltrative process)
Prevention: According to type of cardiomyopathy
Pericarditis
Causes: Idiopathic or consequential of other infections in the body
Prevention: Prompt treatment of infections
Myocarditis
Causes: Damage to myocardium caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, alcohol, radiation, complication of other diseases such as influenza, diphtheria, mumps, rheumatic fever, collagen disease
Endocarditis
Risks: Damaged cardiac valves
Causes: Pre-existing heart disease, immuologic reaction
Rheumatic Fever
Causes: Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, autoimmunity, usually in children
Prevention: Prophylactic administration of antibiotics for strep throat
Mitral Stenosis
Causes: Rheumatic Heart Disease, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
Prevention: Prevent rheumatic fever and the subsequent rheumatic heart disease
Mitral Insufficiency
Causes: Scar tissue resulting from inflammation and vegetations(endocarditis), rheumatic fever, mitral valve prolapse, CAD, MI, cardiac dialation
Prevention: Prevent rheumatic fever, prevent scarring of heart tissue
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Causes: Benign, abnormally long or short chordae tendinae
Arrythmias
Causes: Interference with conduction system of heart(SA node/pacemaker, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers), ischemia, drugs
Prevention: Avoid drugs, causative activities
Shock
Causes: Anaphylaxis, hemorrhage, sepsis, respiratory distress, heart failure, neurologic failure, emotional catastrophe, severe metabolic insult, failure of heart to pump adequately, inadequate oxygen, vascular collapse with massive dilation causing blood to pool away from vital areas
Cardiogenic Shock
Causes: MI, severe heart failure, arrythmias, acute valve failure
Cardiac Tamponade(Cardiac Compression)
Causes: Integrity of vessels, cancer, chronic kidney failure, hypothyroidism, lupus
Disorders of Hemostasis(Bleeding Disorders)
Causes: Abnormal platelet function or number, vitamin K deficiency, clotting factor deficiencies
