Endocrine

Question 1

Pituitary Dwarfism

Answer 1

Risks/Causes: Injury or trauma to pituitary gland, genetics, tumor in pituitary gland, radiation treatment to the head
Prevention: Prevent injury or trauma to the head

Question 2

Gigantism

Answer 2

Causes: Benign tumor that leads to excessive secretion of GH
Prevention: Not possible

Question 3

Acromegaly

Answer 3

Causes: Benign tumor that leads to excessive secretion of GH
Prevention: Early treatment

Question 4

Diabetes Insipidus(DI)

Answer 4

Risks: Head injury, brain surgery, kidney disease, pregnancy, medications(lithium, amphotericin B, demeclocycline)
Causes: Central DI(damage to pituitary gland from surgery, tumor and illness such as meningitis, inflammation or head injury), Nephrogenic DI(defect in kidney tubules, kidneys can’t respond to ADH, use of certain drugs such as lithium and demeclocycline)

Question 5

Hypothyroidism

Answer 5

Risks: Female, age over 50, having an autoimmune disorder, having a close relative with thyroid disease or an autoimmune disease, use of radioactive iodine, radiation to the head or neck, surgical removal of the thyroid gland, treatment with antithyroid medication, pregnancy, some medications(lithium, interferon)
Causes: Autoimmune diseases(Hashimoto’s), surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid, radiation, treatment of hyperthyroidism, certain medications(lithium, interferon)

Question 6

Congenital Hypothyroidism

Answer 6

Causes: Hypoplasia(underdevelopment), aplasia(absence of development), failure of the thyroid gland to migrate to its normal anatomical position, iodine deficiency, ingestion of antithyroid medication during pregnancy

Question 7

Hyperthyroidism(Grave’s Disease)

Answer 7

Risks: Female, family history, stress and smoking

Question 8

Simple Goiter

Answer 8

Risks: Being female, over age 40, having a family history of goiter
Causes: Iodine deficiency, eating a large amount of goiter producing foods(soy, peanuts, beaches, spinach, turnips, cabbage, brussel sprouts, seaweed), certain medications(immunosuppressants, antiretrovirals, lithium), idiopathic

Question 9

Thyroid Cancer

Answer 9

Risks: Female, a diet low in iodine, and exposure to radiation

Question 10

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 10

Risks: Over the age of 50 years, women, postmenopausal, chronic vitamin D deficiency, neck area radiation, lithium therapy
Causes: Benign tumors of parathyroid, causing over secretion of PTH

Question 11

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 11

Risks: Damage to the glands from heavy metals(copper or iron), immune disorders(Addison’s), family history, some infections, surgical removal of thyroid

Question 12

Hypoadrenalism

Answer 12

Causes: May result from any disease process that damages the entire adrenal cortex, autoimmune processes, infectious diseases(tuberculosis), fungal disease, opportunistic infections associated with aids, certain cancers, hemorrhage of the adrenal gland secondary to anticoagulation medication

Question 13

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency

Answer 13

Risks/Causes: Infection, trauma, severe physical stress such as surgery

Question 14

Hyperadrenalism(Cushing’s Syndrome)

Answer 14

Risks: Adrenal tumor, corticosteroid therapy
Causes: Benign pituitary tumor
Prevention: Preventable is related to cortisone replacement therapy by carefully monitoring signs and symptoms

Question 15

Hyperadrenalism(Conn’s Syndrome)

Answer 15

Risks: None known, women are twice as likely as men, and the incidence increases with age
Causes: Results from a benign tumor most of the time

Question 16

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus(T1DM)

Answer 16

Risks: Most common between 10 to 14 years of age, genetics, family history of T1DM, certain viral infections, being Caucasian, living in a northern climate, having other autoimmune diseases

Question 17

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM)

Answer 17

Risks: Obesity, family history of diabetes, being over age of 45, history of just stational diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, history of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or hyperlipidemia
Causes: Unknown, excess weight, physical inactivity
Prevention: Prevent or delay by losing weight and exercising

Question 18

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 18

Risks: Being over age 25, family history of T2DM, personal history(pre diabetes, gestational diabetes, giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9lbs, unexpected stillbirths)
Prevention: Eating a healthy diet, being physically active, and losing excess weight before getting pregnant

Question 19

Diabetic Coma

Answer 19

Risks/Causes: Insufficient insulin administration, consuming too many carbohydrates

Question 20

Insulin Shock

Answer 20

Risks/Causes: Administering too much insulin, not eating enough, exercising too much

Question 21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Answer 21

Risks/Causes: Associated with acute stress from infections, medical illnesses, surgery, typically occurs in older debilitated patients with T2DM

Question 22

Hypergonadism

Answer 22

Risks: Being female, obesity, being exposed to sex hormones, having other medical conditions(congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypothyroidism)
Causes: Female(Ovarian and adrenal tumors), Males(Tumors in testes or pituitary glands)