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Biology > Reproduction in Plants > Flashcards

Reproduction in Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of reproduction and definitions

A
  1. Sexual reproduction = the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilisation to produce non – identical offspring that inherit characteristics from both parents
  2. Asexual reproduction= does not involve sex cells or fertilisation. Only one parent is required so there is no fusion of gametes and no mixing of genetic informatio. Therefore offspring are genetically identical to the parent and to each other
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2
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Increases variation
  2. Species can adapt to new environments due to variation, giving them survival advantage
  3. Disease less likely to affect population
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3
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Takes time and energy to find mates

2. Difficult for isolated members of the species

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4
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Population can be increased rapidly when conditions right
  2. Can exploit suitable environments rapidly
  3. More time and energy efficient
  4. Reproductions completed much faster than sexual reproductions
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5
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. No genetic variation in a population

2. Population is vulnerable to changes in conditions and may only be suited for one habitat

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6
Q

What is fertilisation

A

fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo

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7
Q

What happens when the male and female gametes produce a zygote.

A
  1. Gamate is a sex cell in animals ( sprem in male egg in female)
  2. They have half the number of chromosomes (23 single chromosomes)
    * one copy of each chromosome, rather than the two copies found in other body cells
  3. Humans being have 46 chromosomes half father falf mother.
  4. When male and female fuse they form a zygote
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8
Q

How does the embryo form and what happens to the embryo.

A
  1. zygote divides to form two new cells, which then continue to divide and after a few days form an embryo.
    * Cell division keeps happening eventually many of the new cells produced become specialised to perform particular functions and form all the body tissues of the offspring
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9
Q

What is the reproductive organ of the plants and what does pollination mean and two main types of pollination

A
  • Flowers.
    1. Produce pollen which has nucleus inside that is male gamete. not capable of locomotion
    2. therefore plants have mechanisms to move them around which is know as pollination

Main type of pollination is insect or wind.

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10
Q

What is the function of sepal

A
  1. Protects unopened flower
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11
Q

What is the function of petals

A

Brightly coloured in insect pollinated flowers to attract insects

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12
Q

What is the function of Stamen

A

Male part of the flower, consisting filament and anther

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13
Q

What is the function of Filament

A

Positions anther to release male sex cell ( pollen grain)

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14
Q

What is the function of Anther

A

Produces and releases the male sex (pollen grain)

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15
Q

What is the function of Carpel and what does it contain

A

Female part of the flower contains, stigma, style and ovary (which contains the ovule)

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16
Q

What is the function of Stigma

A

Top of female part of the flower which collects pollen grains.

17
Q

What is the function of Style

A

Connects stigma to the ovary

18
Q

What is the function of Ovary

A

Produces female sex cells (ovum)

19
Q

What is the function of Ovule

A

Contains the female sex cells ( found inside the ovary)

20
Q

What is the function of Nectary

A

Produces a sugary solution called nectar to attract insects

21
Q

What are the adaptation for flowers that are insect pollinated

A
  1. Petal: Large and brightly coloured to attract insects.
  2. Scent and nectar: Present- allures insects to visit the flower and push past stamen to get to the nectar
  3. Number of pollen grains: Moderate- insects transfer pollen grains efficiently with a high chance of successful pollination
  4. Pollen grains :contain spikes or hooks on the outside so they are better able to stick to insects
  5. Anthers: Inside flower, stiff and firmly attached to brush against insects
  6. Stigma: Inside flower, sticky so pollen grain stick to it when an insect brushes past.
22
Q

What are the adaptation for flowers that are wind pollinated

A
  1. Petal: Small and dull, often green or brown in colour.
  2. Scent and nectar: Absent - No need to waste energy produces it as no need to attract insects
  3. Number of pollen grains: Large amounts- Most pollen grains arent transferred to another flower so if more pollen grains the higher the probability of successful pollination
  4. Pollen grains: smooth, small and light so they are easily blown by the wind
  5. Anthers: Outside flower, Swinging loose on long filament to release pollen grains
  6. Stigma: Outside flower, feathery to catch drifting pollen grains
23
Q

When does fertilization occur in plants

A

Fertilisation occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with an ovum nucleus in the ovule

24
Q

How does fertilisation in plants occur

A
  1. The pollen would have landed on the stigma
  2. since it doesn’t have tail to swim down it grows a pollen tube.
  3. This would result in the nucleus of the pollen to travel down the into the ovule.
  4. The ovule contain a ovum that with female nucleus that the male pollen’s nucleus can fuse to.
  5. This forms a zygote.
  6. the zygote will start to divide and form a seed.
25
Q

What is germination?

A

Germination is the start of growth in the seed

26
Q

What are the 3 factors required for successful germination and why?

A
  1. Water: allows the seed to swell up and the enzymes in the embryo to start working so that growth can occur
  2. Oxygen: so that energy can be released for germination
  3. Warmth: – germination improves as temperature rises (up to a maximum) as the reactions which take place are controlled by enzymes
27
Q

Write down how to investigate the conditions needed for seed germination?

A
  1. Set up 4 boiling tubes each containing 10 cress seedson cotton wool
  2. First boiling tube the cotton should be dry. ( testing water/ moisture)
    Second boiling tube the cotton should be moist ( all factors present is the control)
    Third boiling tube should have boiled and cool water
    with a layer of oil on top of it ( testing oxygen)
    Last boiling tube should have moist cotton but at
    different temperature ( testing warm temperature)
28
Q

What are the results of the germination investigation

A
  1. First Test tube : seeds have not germinated
  2. Second Test tube : seeds have germinated
  3. Third Test tube : seeds have not germinated
  4. Fourth Test tube : seeds have not germinated
29
Q

What are the three main parts of a seed and their function.

A

embryo – the young root and shoot that will become the adult plant

a food store (cotyledon) – starch for the seedling to use until it is able to carry out photosynthesis

the seed coat (testa) – a tough protective outer covering

30
Q

How do germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis and how long does it continue till and why

A
  1. The cotyledon (main part of the seed) contains starch which is used as a food store in seeds
  2. The enzymes amylase will break strach down to maltose (then glucose)
  3. This glucose would be used for aerobic respiration for energy release and growth.
    * This will continue until the seed germinates and the shoot pushes above ground, unfurls its seed leaves and can start to photosynthesize independently
31
Q

What is a natural asexual reproducer and how does it work

A

Runners

  1. Some plants grow that contain small plantlets
  2. These plantlets will grow roots and the new plantlets will grow and become independent from the parent plant
32
Q

What is a type of artificial asexual reproducer and how does it work

A

Cutting

  1. Side of a branch is cut off
  2. Lower leaves are removed and stems is planted in damp compost or placed in water
  3. cut end of the stem can be dusted with rooting powder before planting
  4. This contains hormones called auxin which encourages growth of new roots.
33
Q

What is another type of artificial asexual reproducer and how does it work

A

tissue culture

  1. Cells are scraped from the parent plant (known as explants)
  2. cells are transferred to a sterile petri dish containing nutrient agar containing minerals
  3. Hormones are added to encourage plants to grow into small masses of tissue (callus tissue)
  4. Tissue continues to grow and forms plantlets that can be transferred to individual potting trays and develop into plants

Biology (21 decks)

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