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Biology > Eyes, temperature regulation and Hormones > Flashcards

Eyes, temperature regulation and Hormones Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the eye,

A

The eye is a sense organ containing receptor cells that are sensitive to light (rod cells) and colour (cone cells)

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2
Q

What is the function of Cornea in the eye

A

Transparent lens that refracts/bends light as it enters eye

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3
Q

What is the function of Iris in the eye

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

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4
Q

What is the function of Lens in the eye

A

Transparent disc that can change shape to focus light onto retina

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5
Q

What is the function of Retina in the eye

A

Contains light receptors cells - rods ( detect light intensity) and cones ( detect colour)

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6
Q

What is the function of Fovea in the eye

A

Area of retina with highest concentration of colour cells. (cones)

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7
Q

What is the function of Optic nerve in the eye

A

Sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and brain

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8
Q

What is the function of Pupil in the eye

A

Hole that allows entry of light

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9
Q

What is the function of Ciliary muscle in the eye

A

Ring of muscle that contracts or relaxes to change shape of the lens

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10
Q

What is the function of Suspensory ligament in the eye

A

Connects ciliary muscle to the lens

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11
Q

What is the function of Sclera in the eye

A

Tough white outer layer of the eye- protects the eye from damage.

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12
Q

what is accommodation and how do ciliary muscles and suspensory ligments work together

A
  • the ability to change the shape of lens to focus on near or distant objects is known as accommodation.
    1. Lens are surrounded by circular muscle called the ciliary muscle, and is connected to the lens by fibres called suspensory ligaments.
    2. By contracting or relaxing, the ciliary muscle can change the thickness of the lens
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13
Q

How does the eye focus on objects further away

A
  1. ciliary muslce contract the suspensory ligament loosen

2. lens is thicker and refracts light stronger

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14
Q

How does the eye focus on objects near away

A
  1. ciliary muscle relaxes suspensory ligament are pulled tight
  2. lens is now pulled this and slightly refracts light.
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15
Q

Why does the pupil respond to changes in light intensity

A

This is a reflex action carried out to protect the retina from damage in bright light and protect us from not seeing objects in dim light

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16
Q

What happens to pupil in dim light

A
  1. Photoreceptors detect the dim light
  2. Radial muscles contract
  3. Circular muscles relax
  4. Pupil gets bigger
  5. more light enters eye
17
Q

What happens to pupil in bright light

A
  1. Photoreceptors detect the bright light
  2. Radial muscles relax
  3. Circular muscles contract
  4. Pupil gets smaller
  5. less light enters eye
18
Q

What is thermoregulation and what controls it

A

Thermoregulation: the control of our internal body temp. It is a homeostatic mechanism.
It is controlled by the hypothalamus region in the brain and become less effective at catalysing reactions such a respiration.
Skin also has temperature receptors and sends nervous impulses to the hypothalamus

19
Q

What is the perfect body temp and why

A

The perfect body temp. is 37 degrees Celsius. This is because enzymes work fasted at this temp. and if the temp. exceeds 37 enzymes will denature and become less effective at catalysing reactions such a respiration.

20
Q

What is the skins structure when are cold, what does our body do to warm us up

A
  • to warm up we need to conserve heat and generate more
    1. To conserve we constrict the blood vessels which lie near our skin (vasoconstriction).
    = this means less blood travels to the skin therefore less heat energy is lost
    2. Contract erector muscles which make our hair stand out
    = this traps a smaller layer of insulating air making it harder to lose heat from skin
    3. To generate body heat we shiver which makes the muscles contract automatically.
    = Muscles contraction requires respiration which releases heat energy as waste, which warms us up.
21
Q

What is the skins structure when are warm, what does our body do to cool us down

A
  1. erector muscles relax, allows hair to fall flat
  2. blood vessels expand ( vasodilate) therefore more heat energy to be transferred to surroundings.
  3. We also sweat
    =cools skin by evaporation which uses heat energy from the body to convert liquid water into water vapour
22
Q

What is a hormone

A

hormone= is a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs (triggers change)

23
Q

what is the endocrine system and adaptation

A

The glands that produce hormones in animals are known collectively as the endocrine system.
Have a good blood supply as when they make hormones they need to get them into the bloodstream so they can travel around body to target organs to bring about response.

24
Q

What is the role , where is it made and what is it’s effect of adrenaline

A
  1. Source= Adrenal gland
  2. Readies the body for ‘flight or fight’ response
  3. effect= Increase heart and breathing rate, increase blood flow to muscles
25
Q

What is the role , where is it made and what is it’s effect of insulin

A
  1. Source= Pancreas
  2. Role= Lowers blood glucose
  3. Effect= Causes excess glucose in the blood to be taken up by the muscles and liver converted in glycogen for storage.
26
Q

What is the role , where is it made and what is it’s effect of testosterone

A
  1. source = testes
  2. role = Main sex hormone in males
  3. effect= Develops secondary sexual characteristics in male
27
Q

What is the role , where is it made and what is it’s effect of Oestrogen

A
  1. source = ovaries
  2. role = main sex hormone in females
  3. effect = Develops secondary sexual characteristics in females and controls menstrual cycle
28
Q

What is the role , where is it made and what is it’s effect of Progestrone

A
  1. source= Ovaries
  2. Role= maintains pregnancy
  3. effect = Maintains uterus lining to cushion fertilised egg and allow it to develop
29
Q

What is the role , where is it made and what is it’s effect of ADH

A
  1. source= Pituitary gland
  2. Role= Controlling water content in blood
  3. effect = Increases absorption of water at the collecting duct in the kidney
30
Q

What is the role , where is it made and what is it’s effect of FSH

A
  1. source= Pituitary gland
  2. Role= Causes ovary to develop a mature egg cell
  3. effect = stimulates development of egg in ovary and the release of oestrogen
31
Q

What is the role , where is it made and what is it’s effect of LH

A
  1. source= Pituitary gland
  2. Role= Causes ovary to develop a mature egg cell
  3. effect = Stimulates release of an egg cell from the ovary (ovulation) and the release of progesterone

Biology (21 decks)

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