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Biology > Reproduction in humans > Flashcards

Reproduction in humans Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the function of glands in the male reproductive system

A

Produces fluids called semen that provide sperm cells with nutrients.

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2
Q

What are the function of sperm ducts in the male reproductive system

A

Sperm passes through the sperm duct to be mixed with fluids produced by the glands before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation

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3
Q

What are the function of Urethra in the male reproductive system

A

Tube running down the center of penis that can carry out urine or semen, a ring of muscle in the urethra prevents the urine and semen from mixing.

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4
Q

What are the function of Testis in the male reproductive system

A

Contained in a bag of skin (scrotum) and produces sperm (male gamete) and testosterone (hormone)

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5
Q

What are the function of Penis in the male reproductive system

A

Passes urine out of the body from the bladder and allows semen to pass into the vagina of a woman during sexual intercourse

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6
Q

What are the function of oviduct in the female reproductive system

A

Connects the ovary to the uterus and is lined with ciliated cells to push the released ovum down it
Fertillisation occurs here

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7
Q

What are the function of Ovary in the female reproductive system

A

Contains ova (female gametes) which will mature and develop when hormones are released

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8
Q

What are the function of Uterus in the female reproductive system

A

Musclular bag with soft lining where fertilised egg (zygote) will be implanted to develop into a foetus

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9
Q

What are the function of Cervix in the female reproductive system

A

Ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus to keep the developing foetus in place during pregnancy

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10
Q

What are the function of Uretha in the female reproductive system

A

Tube that passes urine out of the body from the bladder

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11
Q

What are the function of vagina in the female reproductive system

A

Muscular tube that leads to the inside of the woman’s body, where the male’s penis will enter during sex and sperm are deposited.

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12
Q

How does menstrual cycle occur and what is it and what is it controlled by

A
  1. When you are going through puberty ovaries mature and release one ovum around every 28 days for fertilisation
  2. At the same uterus lining is thickened to prepare for implantation and pregnancy
  3. If pregnancy doesn’t occur the ovum dies and uterus lining is broken down and released
    * This cycle is know as the menstrual cycle.
    * it is controlled by hormones released from the ovary and the pituitary gland in the brain.
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13
Q

What is role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Oestrogen levels rise from day 1 to peak just before day 14.
    * This causes the thickening of the uterus lining and the egg to mature.
    It occurs just before the egg is released
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14
Q

What is role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Progesterone stays low from day 1 – 14 and starts to rise once ovulation has occurred
    * Increased levels of this causes lining of uterus to thicken further and a fall would cause menstruation “period” (the breakage of the uterine lining)
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15
Q

What does the hormone FSH do

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is released by the pituitary and causes an egg to start maturing in the ovary
It also stimulates the ovary to start releasing oestrogen

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16
Q

What does the hormone Lh do and when is it released

A
  1. Pituitary gland simulates the release of LH when oestrogen levels are peak
    * It causes ovulation to occur and also stimulates the ovary to produce progesterone
17
Q

What does oestrogen and FSH do in the menstrual

A
  1. pituitary gland produces FSH which stimulates the development of a follicle in the ovary
  2. ovum develops inside the follicle and the follicle produces the hormone oestrogen
    * oestrogen cuases repair of the lining of the uterus wall and inhibits production of FSH
18
Q

What does progestrone and LH do in the menstrual cycle

A
  1. When oestrogen rises to high enough level it simulates the release of LH.
  2. LH causes ovulation.
  3. the follicle becomes the corpus leteum and starts producing progesterone
    * Progesterone maintains the thickness of uterus lining.
  4. ovum is not fertilised, the corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone levels drop
19
Q

When does menstruation start

A

ovum is not fertilised, the corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone levels drop which causes menstruation.
* menstruation: where the uterus lining breaks down and is removed through the vagina

20
Q

What happens to corpus leteum if pregnancy occurs

A

if pregnancy occurs Corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone, preventing the uterus lining from breaking down and aborting the pregnancy

21
Q

What is the gestation and how long does it take place in humans

A
  1. It is the period between conception and the birth of the baby.
  2. Usually 9 months in human beings.
22
Q

How does the foetus develop and grow during the gestation period

A
  1. foetus develops and grows by gaining the g.lucose, amino acids, fats, water and oxygen it needs from the mother’s blood.
23
Q

What is the role of the placenta

A

1.The placenta acts as a barrier to prevent toxins and pathogens getting into the foetus’s blood

24
Q

Why are pregnant women advised not to smoke.

A
  1. Not all toxin molecules or pathogenic organisms are stopped from passing through the placenta (this usually depends on the size of the molecule)
  2. This is why pregnant women are advised not to smoke during pregnancy as molecules like nicotine can pass across the placenta
25
Q

What are the adaptations in the placenta

A
  1. bloods run opposite each other, never mixing, in the placenta
  2. foetus’s blood connects to and from the placenta by the umbilical cord
  3. Mother blood absorbs waste such as urea and carbon dioxide from foetus blood
26
Q

What happens to the umbical cord after the baby is been born

A
  1. After the baby has been born, the umbilical cord is cut – this does not hurt as there are no nerves in it, just two blood vessel
  2. It is tied off to prevent bleeding and shrivels up and falls of after few days leaving the belly button
27
Q

What happens when to the placenta after birth

A

The placenta detaches from the uterus wall shortly after birth and is pushed out due to contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus – known as the afterbirth

28
Q

How does amniotic fluid protect the developing embryo

A
  1. developing embryo is surrounded by an amniotic sac which contains amniotic fluid (made from the mother’s plasma)
  2. Protects the foetus during development by cushioning it from bumps to mother’s abdomen.
29
Q

What is primary sexual characteristics

A

Primary sexual characteristics are present during development in the uterus and are the differences in reproductive organs etc between males and females

30
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics

A
  1. Secondary sexual characteristics are the changes that occur during puberty as children become adolescents
  2. They are controlled by the release of hormones – oestrogen in girls and testosterone in boys
31
Q

What are secondary sexual charteristics controlled by in boys and girls

A
  • They are controlled by the release of hormones
    1. oestrogen in girls
    2. testosterone in boys
32
Q

What are female secondary sexual characteristics

A
  1. Breast develop
  2. Body hair grows
  3. Menstrual cycle begins
    4.Hips get wider
    * Emotional changes could occur due the the increased levels of hormones in the body
    includes more interest in sex and increased mood swings
33
Q

What are male secondary sexual characteristics

A
  1. growth of penis and testes
  2. Growth of facial and body hair
  3. Muscles develop
  4. Voice breask
  5. Testes start to produce sperm
    * Emotional changes could occur due the the increased levels of hormones in the body
    includes more interest in sex and increased mood swings

Biology (21 decks)

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