Reproduction (flowering plants )

Question 1

how are INSECT-POLLINATED plants adapted for pollination?

Answer 1

1. brightly coloured petals to attract insects
2. scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects.
3. anthers and stigma inside the plant
4. big, sticky pollen grains to stick to insects
5. stigma is sticky to pick up pollen from other plants brought by insects

Question 2

how are WIND-POLLINATED plants adapted for pollination?

Answer 2

1. small/no petals
2. lots of small and light pollen grains that can be easily carried by the wind
3. long filaments that hang anthers outside the flower to pick up pollen.
4. large, feathery stigma to catch pollen that hangs outside flower.

Question 3

what is the male reproductive part of a flower called and what does it contain?

Answer 3

STAMEN:

1. anther (contains pollen grains which produce male gametes)
2. filament (stalk that supports anther)

Question 4

what is the female reproductive part of a flower called and what does it contain?

Answer 4

CARPEL:

1. ovary (contains female gametes (eggs) inside ovules.)
2. stigma (end bit that pollen grains attach to)
3. style (rod like section that supports the stigma.

Question 5

POLLINATION

Answer 5

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma so that male gametes can fertilise female gametes in sexual reproduction.

Question 6

CROSS-POLLINATION

Answer 6

pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another.

Question 7

how does fertilisation in plants occur?

Answer 7

1. pollen grain lands on stigma
2. pollen tube grows out of pollen grain (digestive enzyme at tip) and down through the style to the ovary and into the ovule through the micropyle.
3. a nucleus from the male gamete moves down the tube to join with a female gamete in the ovule. fertilisation occurs to form a zygote. this divides by mitosis to form an embryo.
4. each fertilised female gamete forms a SEED. the ovary develops into a FRUIT around the seed.

Question 8

conditions for GERMINATION

Answer 8

1. water - to activate the enzymes that break down the food reserves in the seed
2. oxygen - for respiration which transfers the energy from food for growth.
3. a suitable temperature - for the enzymes inside the seed to work.

Question 9

what happens after fertilisation (germination)?

Answer 9

1. seed takes in water and starts to grow using its store of energy
2. the first root (radicle) starts to grow down into the soil.
3. the shoot (plumule) grows up.
4. finally extra roots grow and the first leaves appear

Question 10

how do germinating seeds get energy?

Answer 10

1. a developed seed contains an embryo and a store of food reserves wrapped in a hard seed coat (testa)
2. when the seed starts to germinate, it gets glucose for respiration from its own food store. this transfers the energy it needs to grow.
3. once it has green leaves it makes it own food by photosynthesis

Question 11

what are the 2 ways that plants can reproduce asexually?

Answer 11

1. natural methods (eg. runners)

2. artificial methods (eg. cuttings)