Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

-reproduction of offspring from a single parent without the fusion of gametes
ex) bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, some animals

Question 2

Sexual reproduction

Answer 2

-reproduction involves fusion of specialized reproductive cells (gametes) from two distinct to produce genetically diverse offspring
ex) animals

Question 3

Benefits of Genetic Variability

Answer 3

increased genetic variability, adaptation to changing environments, reduction of genetic load, enhanced evolutionary potential, combination of beneficial traits

Question 4

Gametogenesis

Answer 4

-specialized reproductive cells called gametes are produced

Question 5

Spermatogenesis

Answer 5

-in males
-takes place in seminiferous tubules of testes
-begin with division of diploid spermatogonia by mitosis
-spermatids turned into sperm cells that are released into epididymis

Question 6

Oogenesis

Answer 6

-females ovaries
-oogonia cells undergo mitotic divisions to form primary oocytes
-released into oviduct
-if fertilized, secondary oocyte completes meiosis 2 in ovum

Question 7

External Fertilization

Answer 7

-occurs outside the body of the parent organisms, typically in aquatic environments such as oceans, rivers, or lakes

Question 8

Internal Fertilization

Answer 8

-occurs inside the reproductive tract of the female organism, where sperm are deposited directly near or inside the females reproductive organs

Question 9

Cellular mechanisms of fertilization

Answer 9

1. Sperm activation and chemotaxis
2. Sperm egg recognition and binding
3. Fusion of Sperm and Egg cell membranes
4. Activation of the Egg and Prevention of Polyspermy
5. Formation of the zygote

Question 10

Internal Development

Answer 10

-refers to growth and maturation f an embryo inside the body of a parent organism
-mammals

Question 11

External Development

Answer 11

-refers to growth and maturation of an embryo outside the parents body, often in an external environment sch as water, soil, or air
-fish, birds

Question 12

Early Development

Answer 12

-series of processes by which a fertilized egg undergoes cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis to form a structurally and functionally complex organ

Question 13

Zygote and cleavage, totipotency

Answer 13

zygote= initial cell formed by fusion of egg and sperm cell
cleavage= rapid and successive division of zygote into smaller cells

Question 14

Totipotency

Answer 14

-ability of a single cell to give rise to all the cell types necessary for the development of a complete organism

Question 15

Gastrulation – steps and germ layers

Answer 15

initial -beginning, invagination and formation of germ layers, formation of gastrula, cell movements and morphogenesis, establishment of body axes

Question 16

Acoelomate body cavity

Answer 16

-animals that lack a true body cavity (coelom) between the body wall and digestive tract
-space between body wall and gut filled with solid tissue

Question 17

Pseudocoelomate Body Cavity

Answer 17

coelom that is not completely lined by mesoderm-derived tissues
-between the body wall and gut wit inner lining of mesoderm on one side

Question 18

Coelomate Body Cavity

Answer 18

-possess true coelom completely lined by mesoderm derived tissues on both sides

Question 19

Neurulation

Answer 19

process during early embryonic developments where neural plate forms and subsequently transforms into neural tube which gives rise to CNS

Question 20

Organogenesis

Answer 20

-process during embryonic development where the three germ layers (ecto, meso, endo) differentiate and organize into the distinct organs and tissues of the body