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Bio 224 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nutrients

A

substances essential for growth and maintaining life

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2
Q

4 Main Functions of Digestive System

A

Ingestion: taking in food and liquids
Digestion: breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be used and absorbed by the body
Absorption: molecules are absorbed through walls of small intestine
Elimination: feces eliminated out through intestines and anus

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3
Q

Macronutrients

A

-major nutrients required by body in large amounts to provide energy and support many phsyiological functions
-carbs, proteins, fats

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4
Q

Micronutrients

A

-required by bod in small quantities compared to macronutrients, play crucial role in many physiological processes
-vitamins and minerals

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5
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

-body requires for normal physiological functioning but cannot produce sufficient amounts or at all, so must be obtained from diet
-carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals

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5
Q

What are essential amino acids

A

specific amino acids that cannot be synthesizes by the body and must be obtained from dietary sources

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5
Q

Essential vitamins

A

-vitamins that the body requires for various metabolic functions
-13 total

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5
Q

What are Essential fatty acids

A

specific fatty acids (omeage-3 and omega-6) that are required for normal body function but cannot be produced y the body in sufficient amounts

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6
Q

Monnosaccharides

A

simple sugars that cant be broken down further (hydrolyzed)
-glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

Disaccharides

A

-carbohydrates composed of 2 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bond
-sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose

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8
Q

Polysaccharides

A

-complex carbohydrates made up of multiple monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds
-starch, glycogen, cellulose

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9
Q

Proteins and Absorbable units

A

Proteins are macromolecules made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Amino acids are building blocks and play essential roles in many processes
-nonpolar, uncharged polar, charged polar

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10
Q

Nonpolar essential acids (6)

A

Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Methionine

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11
Q

Uncharged Polar Essential Acids (2)

A

Histidine, Threonine

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12
Q

Charged Polar Essential Acids

A

Lysine, Arginine, Histidine

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13
Q

Fats

A

-(lipids)- essential macronutrient plays important tools in energy storage, insulation, cellular structure, hormone synthesis
-broken down into absorbable units

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14
Q

Monoglycerides

A

-lipid molecule that consist of one glycerol molecule attached to one fatty acid molecule

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15
Q

Fatty Acids

A

-building block of fats and are classified on their chain length and degree of saturation

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16
Q

Nucleotides

A

Composed of 3 thins: Nitrogenous base (guanine, thymine, adenine, cytosine
Pentose Sugar -5 carbon sugar
Phosphate Group: phosphorus and oxygen atoms that link nucleotides together

17
Q

Nucleosides

A

2 components; Nitrogenous Base: acgt
Pentose sugar: ribose or deoxyribose
-same as nucleotides just np phosphate group

17
Q

What are Calories

A

-measurement used to quantify the energy content of food and the energy expenditure of the body

18
Q

Intracellular Digestion

A

cells take in food particles by endocytosis
-surrounds food with cell membrane
-very simple creatures

19
Q

Extracellular Digestion

A
  • takes place in a tube enclosed in body but outside body cells -digestive tract
    -occurs in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animals body
    -food is ingested, digestive tract breaks it down outside of cell walls
    -more efficient + complex creatures
20
Q

4 types of feeders

A

Herbivores: plant based materials
Carnivores: other animals (meat only)
Omnivores: plant based and meat
Filters Feeders: feed by straining suspended particles or small organisms from water

21
Q

GI tract of Earthworm

A

-simple but efficient in processing soil
-mouth ingests at anterior end
-food goes into pharynx + crop
-from crop, into gizzard with thick walls with grit that aid in mechanical digestion
-intestine -absorption and digestion
-undigested out through anus

22
Q

GI Tract of Insects

A

-plant material, other insects
-mouth parts vary, but usually something to chew+ grind
-enters stomodaeum -mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop
-mesenteron -digestion and absorption
-proctodaeum absorbs water and salts, waste out through anus

23
Q

GI Tract of Pigeon

A

-more complex -higher metabolic demands and diverse diet
-mouth- beak to grasp and manipulate food
-food down esophagus into crop- stored and moistened
-gizzard -grit to grind food
-small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) -digestion and absorption
-colon absorbs water + electrolytes, waste out anus+ cloaca

24
Q

Monogastric Digestive System

A

simple, single chambered stomach that performs majority of digestion
-pigs, dogs, cats, human
-mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, out anus

25
Q

Ruminant Digestive System

A

-complex, multi chambered stomach allows them to digest plant material
-cattle, sheep, goats
-mouth, rumen (breaks down cellulose and plant fibers), reticulum (regurgitate and rechew partially digested food), abomasum -digestion occurs, small intestine, large intestine out the anus

26
Q

Human Digestive System: Mouth

A

-entry point of food
-ingestion of food, mechanical digestion (chewing), chemical digestion (salivary enzymes break down starches)

27
Q

Human Digestive System: Pharynx

A

-muscular tube that connect mouth to esophagus
-passage of chewed food (bolus) from mouth to esophagus

28
Q

Human Digestive System: Esophagus

A

-muscular tube that carries food from pharynx to stomach
-peristaltic contractions propel food downwards to stomach

29
Q

Human Digestive System: Stomach

A

-storage of food, mechanical digestion (mixing and churning), and chemical digestion (gastric juices break down proteins)

30
Q

Human Digestive System: Small Intestine -3 parts

A

-long coiled tube where most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur
Duodenum: receives digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver to further break down food
Jejunum and Ileum: absorb nutrients (carbs, proteins fats) into bloodstream

31
Q

Human Digestive System: Large Intestine (colon)

A

-wider tube for formation f feces, absorption of water and electrolytes, eliminated of feces
Cecum, colon, rectum, anus

32
Q

Accessory Structures of Human Digestive System: Liver

A

-produces bile which emulsifies fats for digestion and absorption
-detoxification of harmful substances, storage of glycogen and synthesis of proteins

33
Q

Accessory Structures of Human Digestive System: Gallbladder

A

-stores and concentrates bile produced by liver
-releases bile into duodenum to aid in fat digestion

34
Q

Accessory Structures of Human Digestive System: Pancreas

A

-secretes pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase) into duodenum to digest carbs, fats, proteins
-regulates blood sugar levels by producing insulin and glucagon

35
Q

Accessory Structures of Human Digestive System: Salivary Glands

A

-produce saliva containing enzymes that begin digestion of carbs in the mouth
-moistens food, facilitates swallowing, initiates carbohydrate digestion

36
Q

Accessory Structures of Human Digestive System: Appendix

A

-a small, finger like pouch attached to cecum of large intestine
-contains immune tissue that may play a role in immune defense

37
Q

Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Mucosa

A

Mucosa: innermost where food passes through
-has epithelium-absorption, secretion, protection
-lamina propria-loose connective tissue has blood and lymphatic vessels -supports epithelium
-muscularis mucosa-smooth muscle cells create folds and movement in mucosa- aids in absorption and secretion

38
Q

Layers of GI tract: Submucosa

A

-dense connective tissue beneath mucosa
-blood vessels and nerve that supply nutrients to surrounding tissues + regulate digestive functions
-submucosal plexus control secretion of glands

39
Q

layers of GI Tract: Muscularis Externa

A

-responsible for peristalsis and segmentation -propel good along Gi tract and mix with digestive enzymes

40
Q

Layers of GI Tract: Serosa

A

-outermost layer
-connective tissue anchors GI tract t surrounding structures
-mesothelium covers serosa and secretes fluid to reduce friction between organs in abdominal cavity

41
Q
A

Bio 224 (12 decks)

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