Endocrine Regulation Flashcards
Endocrine System vs Digestive System: Similarities
-regulates and coordinates body functional to maintain homeostasis
-uses chemical signals to transmit info throughout the body
-interact and collaberate to regulate physiological processes (hypothalamus in brain is a bridge between the two by producing hormones that control the release of pituitary gland hormones)
Endocrine System vs Digestive System: Differences
-endocrine communicates via hormones released in bloodstream
-nervus communicates through APs ad neurotransmitters
-endocrine have slower responses
-endocrine effects are longer due to sub stained presence of hormones in bloodstream, neurotransmitters are short and fast
-endocrine acts on specific cells or tissues with hormones
-endocrine adapts to long term stimuli, while nervous is rapid to short term
Autocrine
-cell secretes signaling molecules (hormones or growth factors) that bind to receptors on same cell or cells of same type nearby
Paracrine
-cell secretes signaling molecules (paracrine factors) to act locally to influence neighboring cells within short distance
Endocrine
-organs and glands that produce and secrete hormones to regulate numerous physiological processes and maintain homeostasis in the body
Neuroendocrine
-interaction and integration of nervous system and endocrine system
-neurons release hormones directly into bloodstream or act on endocrine glands to regulate hormone secretion
Peptide and Protein Hormones
-composed of amino acids linked together
-act on cell surface receptors
-binding of hormone to receptor triggers signaling pathways -involve second messengers
ex) Insulin, growth hormone, oxytocin
Steroid Hormones
-derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble
-diffuse across cell membranes and act on intracellular receptors
-bind to intracellular receptors -forms hormone receptor complexes
ex) estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
Amino acid derived hormones
-synthesized from specific amino acids (tyrosine)
-cell surface receptors or intracellular receptors
-vary amongst
ex) thyroid hormones, epinephrine, melatonin
Non- steroid Signaling
-certain hormones that do not directly enter cells but instead bind to cell surface receptors to start intracellular signaling pathways
Steroid Signaling
-hormones that are lipid soluble and can diffuse across cell membranes to bind to intracellular receptors, ultimately affecting gene expression and cellular function
Relationship of tyrosine, dopamine, epinephrine
-part of pathway that is responsible for synthesis of important neurotransmitters and hormones involved in various physiological functions
Steroid hormones form what cholesterol
Cortisol, Aldosterone, testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Dihydrotestosterone
Regulation of Hormone Levels in the Blood
-multiple feedback mechanisms that ensure control over hormone secretion and maintain homeostasis
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Endocrine axis
Pituitary Gland
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Peripheral Tissue Feedback
Major Vertebrate Endocrine Tissues
Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Gonads, Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus
Brain-Pituitary Connection in Vertebrates
-coordinates and regulates various physiological processes throughout the body by controlling secretion of hormones from pituitary gland under the influence of the hypothalamus
Growth Hormone
-peptide hormone that stimulates growth, development, and metabolism in vertebrates
Thyroid Gland and Homeostasis
-thyroid maintains homeostasis by producing thyroid hormones that regulate
T3 and T4 regulate basal metabolic rate
What are the sex hormones
-play essential roles in development, maturation, and function of reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics
-testosterone (male), Estrogen (female), Progesterone
Endocrinology of stress in vertebrates -acute and chronic
Acute Responses: happens almost immediately due to activation of sympathetic division of ANS -fast because neural tissue
Chronic Response: delayed by a few minutes due to activation of hypothalamo-pituitary axis -different adrenal gland hormones mediate both phases
