Osmoregulation Flashcards
What is the fundamental problem that requires locomotion
Maintaining proper balance of water and dissolved solutes within bodys cells and tissues relative to external environment
Blood Plasma
-largest portion of human blood
-55% of total blood volume
-primarily water (90%), and various dissolved substances -proteins, electrolytes, hormones, nutrients, waste, gas
Interstitial Fluid
-fluid that surrounds and bathes the cells of tissues in the bodies
-extracellular fluid that fills spaces between ells within a tissue
-derived from plasma and plays a role in maintaining health and function of cells
Intracellular fluid
-fluid found inside cells of body
-with fluid contained within all cell structures- cytoplasm and organelles
-major fluid components in the body
-60-70% of bodys water
Transcellular Transport
-movement f substances across epithelial cell layers that form barriers between different compartments or environments within the body
-line various surfaces and cavities in the body -digestive tract, respiratory tract, renal tubules, and blood vessels
Paracellular Transport
-refers to movement of substances between cells through the intercellular space or tight junctions that connect adjacent epithelial cells
-involves movement through the gaps between cells without crossing the cell membranes
How do aqauporins move
-facilitates movement of water molecules across biological membranes
-ply crucial role in regulating water balance and osmotic pressure in cells by allowing rapid and selective transport of water molecules
-prevents passage of ions and other solutes
What’s Osmolarity
-meausure of the concentration of the solute particles (ions or molecules) in solution
-expressed in osmoles per liter
-quantifies total number of osmolarity active particles per unit volume of solution
-used to describe the osmotic pressure and potential of a solution
What is Cell Volume Regulation
-refers to mechanisms by which cells maintain their optimal size and shape by adjusting their water content and solute concentration in response to changes in osmotic conditions or cellular activities
-maintaining proper volume is essential for normal cellular functions
-differences in cell size ca disrupt cellular processes and lead to cell damage or dysfunction
Whats ionic regulation
-physiological procs by which organisms control concentrations of ions in their internal fluids, tissues, cells
Volume regulation
-mechanisms by which cells, tissues, and organisms maintain their fluid volume and osmotic balance in response to changes in environmental conditions or physiological demands
Osmotic Regulation
-process by which organisms maintain a balance of solutes and water across cell membranes and within body fluids
What are osmoconformers
-organism that conforms to the osmotic condtitions of their external environment
-maintain their internal osmolarity- isosmotic
What are osmoregulators
-organisms that actively regulate the osmolarity of their internal fluids and maintain a stable internal environment
-external conditions don’t affect
-control water an ion balance
Osmoregulation in Freshwater fish vs Marine fish
fresh: control salt and water balance, but produces more salt and reduces water intake to prevent overhydration
marine: control salt and water balance, but allows more water into system and excretes more salt to prevent dehydration
Electrolytes vs non-electrolytes
electro: KCl, NaCl- dissociate into ions when dissolved in water -conduct electricity
non: do not dissociate, don’t conduct electricity
What are stenohaline osmoconformers
-limited in ability to tolerate changes in external osmotic conditions
-rely on osmoconformity to maintain internal osmolarity
What are Euryhaline osmoconformers
-wide tolerance to changes in external salt concentration
-capable of maintaining osmotic balance over broad range of external conditions
Salt glands in Marine birds
-specialized structures that enable marine birds to excrete excess salt received from their environment
-maintain osmotic balance and preventing dehydration
Kidney principles (5)
Principles: filtration of metabolic waste, excess ions, etc
-reabsoprtion of glucose, amino acids, filtered water back into blood stream
-secretion of hydrogen ions, potassium ions, etc to maintain acid balance
-concentration and dilution of regulating water absorption- helps conserve water when needed and excrete excess water to maintain fluid balance
-hormonal regulation
Structure of the Kidneys (4)
-renal cortex- outer region of kidney
-renal medulla- inner region- renal pyramids
-nephrons- functional units of the kidney responsible for urine production
-renal blood supply- recieve blood supply from renal arteries -branch into arterioles and glomeruli capilleries
Structure of Mammalian Kidney
-renal cortex (outer region), as gloremuli
-nephrons (functional units of kidney responsible for urine production)
-renal blood flow and filtration
Nephrons 4 processes for excretion
Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion
Glomerulus (filtration)- Nephrons
-network of cappileries in renal corpuscle
-blood delivered by afferent artiole
-capilleries allow small molecules and ions to pass through
-hydrostatic pressure forces water, ions, glucose, aminos out into Bowmans capsule
Bowmans capsule (filtration)- Nephrons
-surrounds glomerulus and collects filtrate that comes out
What are protonephredia
Excretory structures found in some simple aquatic invertebrates (flatworms)
-excretory and osmoregulatory
What are metanephridia
Excretory structures found in invertebrates such as annelids (segmented worms)
-excretory to remove metabolic waste and regulate osmotic balance
What are malpighian tubules
Excretory found in arthropods- insects, myriapods (centipedes and millipedes), and some arachnids (spiders, scorpions)
-excretion and osmoregulation
