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Bio 224 > Coordination and Regulation- Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Coordination and Regulation- Nervous Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 General Roles of Nervous System

A
  1. collects info from internal or external environment using sensory neurons
  2. Process and integrate info- evaluates based on past experiance or genetics
  3. Transmits info- coordinates/ regulates effector organ/ cells
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2
Q

What are Neurons

A

Generate bioelectric signals which are used to transmit info to other cells

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3
Q

What are Glia

A

“support cells””- assist neuronal signalling, produce cerebrospinal fluid, maintain environment around neurons

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4
Q

Neuron

A

individual cells

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5
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of axons

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6
Q

axons

A

nerve fiber

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7
Q

synapses

A

connection between axon terminal and effector cell

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8
Q

effector

A

can be a neuron, muscle cell, any other cell

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9
Q

bioelectricity

A

happens all around membrane

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10
Q

potential

A

difference in electrical charged between regions- measured in volts or millivolts

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11
Q

current

A

flow of electrical charge between regions- opposites attract, likes repel

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12
Q

membrane potential

A

unequal charge distribution across a cell membrane

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13
Q

electrical potentials

A

used to initiate an AP in axon hillock and used to conduct AP along axon -current (ions) travel along surface of membrane, small, can depolarize or hyperpolarize, can only travel short distance

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

more +ve inside of cell, makes cell less negative

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15
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

more -ve inside cell, makes cell more negative

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16
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

measured when neuron is inactive -about -70mV in neurons and muscle cells

17
Q

Electrotonic Potential

A

passive change in membrane potential -amplitude decreases with distance from point of initiation

18
Q

Action Potential

A

initiated at axon hillock region, are all or nothing but short

19
Q

Unmyelinated axon

A

reduce threshold at axon hillock, concentration of Na+v channels and spreads along membrane toward terminals
-axon diameter determines speed of conduction (large=faster)

20
Q

Myelinated axon

A

surrounded by myelin insulation preventing ions from crossing membrane

21
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

gap junctions directly connect to cytoplasm of each cell, ions flow between cells, rapid flow of current

22
Q

Chemical Synapses

A

pre and postsynaptic neurons seperated by synaptic cells

23
Q

Main difference between chemical synapse and electrical synapse

A

neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors, channels open, depolarization (excitatory) or hyperpolarization (inhibitory)

24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

stimulates skeletal muscle contraction

25
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

ligand gated ion channels, post synaptic response depends on ion current

26
Q

Na+ channels are depolarized by what

A

acetylcholine

27
Q

Cl- channel is

A

hyperpolarized by GABA

28
Q

Sponges

A

no neurons but still have basic cell physiology

29
Q

Ganglia

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies= sites of integration

30
Q

Cephalization

A

concentration of neurons/ ganglia in a “head” or region

31
Q

Somatic

A

voluntary control, drives skeletal muscle

32
Q

Autonomic

A

involuntary control, helps coordinate includes sympathetic and parasympathetic

33
Q

Parasympathetic

A

organ specific, “rest and digest”, activity targets organs, controls smooth muscles and different glands

34
Q

Preganglionic Neurons

A

-in CNS -brainstem or spinal cord
-myelinated axons
-transmit signals from CNS to autonomic ganglia (ganglia outside CNS)

35
Q

Postganglionic Neurons

A

-neurons located in autonomic ganglia (outside CNS) and part of PNS
-unmyelinated axons
-transmit signals from autonomic ganglia to target organs -smooth, cardiac muscle or glands

36
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

-chemical messenger released by neurons that can transmit signals across synapses to target cells
-classified into; acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, etc
-excitatory or inhibitory effects on target cell, depending on type of cell

37
Q

Receptors

A

-protein molecule located on surface of or within target cell that can bind specifically to a neurotransmitter or hormone
-mediate biological effects of neurotransmitters or hormones by initiating intracellular signaling pathways when activated by the binding of a neurotransmitter or hormone
-classified by structure, function, and type of signaling molecule they bind to

Bio 224 (12 decks)

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