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Misc > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Why is pregnancy a hypercoagulable state and why is this good

A
  • Increased fibrinogen, factor VIII, VW factor and platelets
  • Decrease in natural anticoagulants, Antithrombin III
  • Increase in fibrinolysis (enzymatic breakdown of the fibrin in blood clots)

Protects the mother from post delivery bleeding

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2
Q

What haematological event is at an increased risk during pregnancy

A

Venous thromboembolism (DVT/PE)

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3
Q

Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism

A
  • TED stockings
  • Increased mobility
  • Anticoagulation (?aspirin?)
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4
Q

Why would one receive prophylactic anti-coagulation during pregnancy and how long would this continue postpartum

A
  • 3 or > risk factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) (may be indicated if 1 SIGNIFICANT risk factor present)
  • MAY need to continue for 6 weeks postpartum
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5
Q

Signs and symptoms of VTE

A
  • Calf pain, Calf muscle tenderness, Increased girth of affected leg
  • SOB, Cough, Pain on breathing
  • Tachycardia, hypoxic, Pleural rub
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6
Q

Investigation for a suspected VTE

A
  • ECG
  • Leg Doppler
  • V/Q scan or CTPA(gold standard?)
  • Blood gases
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7
Q

Treatment of a VTE in pregnancy

A
  • Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH)
  • If peri-arrest Alteplase 50mg bolus (category C)

WARFARIN IS TERATOGENIC

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8
Q

Describe a molar pregnancy

A

Large chorionic villi + overgrowth of trophoblast cells

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9
Q

What is the function of the vesico-ureteric mechanism

A

Protects the nephrons from any damage secondary to retrograde transmission of back pressure or infection from the bladder

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10
Q

Pharmacological treatment of OAB

A

Antimuscarinic Drugs (type of anticholinergic drug)

  • Oral, Solifenacin
  • Transdermal, Kentera patches (active ingredient oxybutynin hydrochloride)

-Tri-cyclic antidepressants, Imipramine (oral)

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11
Q

Where to Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Progesterone and Oestrogen come from and act on

A
  • GnRH = Hypothalamus, act on
  • LH = Pituitary, act on
  • FSH = Pituitary, act on
  • Progesterone = Ovaries, act on
  • Oestrogen = Ovaries, act on
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12
Q

When would you test for chlamydia in a patient with menstrual problems

A
  • New partner
  • <25 yrs
  • Intermenstrual bleeding (IMB)
  • Postcoital bleeding (PCB)
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13
Q

Likely causes of menstrual problems in teens

A
  • Anovulatory cycles
  • Congenital anomaly
  • Coagulation problems
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14
Q

Likely causes of menstrual problems in teens-40

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Contraception related
  • Endometriosis/adenomyosis
  • Fibroids
  • Endometrial or cervical polyps
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15
Q

Likely causes of menstrual problems in 40-menopause

A
  • Perimenopausal anovulation
  • Endometrial cancer
  • Thyroid dysfunction
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16
Q

Likely drug cause of menstrual problems

A

Warfarin

17
Q

What is Von Willebrand Disease

A

Von Willebrand disease is a bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor (VWF)

18
Q

What is dyspareunia

A

Pain in the genital area or within the pelvis during/after sex

19
Q

3 types of fibroids

A
  • Sub mucous, Protrude into uterine cavity
  • Intramural, Within uterine wall
  • Sub serous, Project out of uterus into peritoneal cavity
20
Q

What does the combined oral contraception pill contain

A

Oestrogen and Progestogen

21
Q

HRT if no uterus present and absent

A
  • Present, Oestrogen + progestogen

- Absent, Oestrogen only

22
Q

What is a Mirena IUS

A

-Intrauterine System
-Releasing progestogen
-Used as contraceptive
-Can treat
PCOS
Menorrhagia
Dysmenorrhoea

23
Q

Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

A
  • Weight loss/exercise
  • Combine hormonal contraception (Antiandrogen)
  • Endometrial protection (progesterone, mirena IUS)
  • Fertility Rx metformin/clomiphene
24
Q

What causes POP

A

Progressive weakness of the pelvic floor muscles followed by the breakdown in fascial support

25
Q

4 things to look out while we’re on the breast clinic in 4th year

A
  • Breast pain (cyclical + non cyclical)
  • Benign lumps (fibroadeonmas, cysts)
  • Nipple symptoms (discharge, bleeding, “eczema” (paget’s disease of nipple) )
  • Gynaecomastia

Misc (12 decks)

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