Reproduction Flashcards
What are the three components of the urethra
Prostatus
Membranous
Spongy
What is the outer layer of the Pennsylvania p
Corpous cavernosum
Where is the prostate gland
behind the bladder
What 4 things give us our ejaculatory fluid
Prostate, Vas deferenes, seminal vesicle, bulbourethra glands
what is the pathway to make testosterone
Cholesterol-pregnenalone-progesterone-androstendione-testosterone
What enzyme converts us from testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, what does it require
5alpha-reductase
requires NADPH
LH in males stimulates what cell to secrete what
Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
FSH in males stimulates what cell to secrete what?
Sertoli cell to secrete hinhibins which tell us to not make FSH and LH
GC, dysuria, purulent d/c, frequency
Specific urethritis
What bug most likely cause non-specific urethritis in males
chlamydia, ureaplasma, E.coli
what is another term for penile inflammation, who does it common in
Balanitis, usually in pts with phimosis or redudant prepuce
Staph. E.coli. candida
What is the most common penile tumor type, frm what
Condyloma acuminatum from HPV 6 and 11
What is hypospadius and epispadius
congenital misplacement of urethral canal ventrally or dorsally, may be associated with undescended testicles, may cause urinary obstruction or inability to inseminate
this is when the orfice of prepuce s to small to permit retraction
phismosis
this is when the prepuce is retracted and wont replace
paraphismosis
this is when male hypogondism occurs or 2 or more x chromosomes and 1 or more y chromosomes
klinefelters
cryptorchidism is unilateral or bilateral
unilateral, increased risk of infertility
What is epidiymitis and orchitis associated with
lower UTI and prostatisis
GC or chlamydia in men under 35
E. coli and pseudomas in menover 35
scrotal varicosity, abnormal dilation and tortuosity of pampiniform lpexus of veins, 99% left sided
varicocele
Accumulation of serous fluid in scortum occurs developmentally in descent of testies or secondary to inflammation, painless
hydrocele
What organism causes bacterial prostatis
E. coli or other gram negative rods
Staph, GC
boggy prostate,
Chronic abacterial prostatis bugs
most common chlamydia, ureaplasma
what is the most comon cancer of men
where does it occur
carcinoma prostate
posterior lobe
what ligament holds the ovary down
ovarian ligament
where are fimbriae located
what do they do
at the end of the fallopian tube
wrap around ovary during ovulation to allow egg in
What are the three layers of the uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
What bug causes acute cervicitis
GC, chlamydia, trichomonas -after proceedures
CMT!
What causes chronic cervicitis
vaginal bacterial overgrowth in the transformational zone
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasma
mostly benign dysplasia
CIN I
CIN II
CIN III (severe-precancerous)
what causes cervical cancer
HPV 16, 18, 31, 33
What is the most common cervical cancer
what is the most common sign
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma
- most are asymptomatic
- bleeding post intercourse
stage
spread
grade
type of histologic stage
What triggers the growth of the endometrium
estrogen
what causes acute endometritis
Group A strep, staph following delivery or miscarriage
Chronic endometritis causes
PID, IUD, TB, Clamydia
Endometrial hyperplasia
due to prolonged estrogens effects since estrogen triggers its growth
endometriosis
endometrial cells outside of the uterus
ovary and adnexa are most common
pain, cycling pain
endometrial polyps
may be estrogen receptive or tamoxifen induced
not considered precancers
cause menorrhagia
what is the most common tumor i women
leiomyoma/fibroid (smooth muscle tumor)
Estrogen dependent
most common invasive cancer of female tract
when to suspect it
uterine adenocarcinoma
suspect when postmenopausal women starts bleeding
inflammation of the ovaries
oophoritis
follicular cysts happen when?
common in first 2 weeks
physiologic
may cause pelvic pain
estrogen domiant
leuteal phase
second 2 weeks
progesterone dominant
normal, may rupture into peritoneum and cause inflammation
PCO/Stein-leventhal syndrome (PCOS)
ovarian system that is not moving androgen to estrogen=androgen excess due to decreased aromatase activity
hyperprolactinemia
inability to conceive and hirsuitism
what enzyme converts testosterone and androstenodion to estrone
aromatase
wa\hat are the two glands of the vagina
bartholans glands and paraurethral/skenes ducts
this is usually associated with PId, swelling of gland on wall of vestibule at base of labia majora
bartholins cysts usually Gc or local flora
vulvar dystrophy/Leukoplakia
inflammation opaque, white scaly plaque, biopsy to find cause
Lichen sclerosus/Chronic atrphic vulvovaginitis
after menopause, skin parchment like, vaginal mucosa thinned, dryness, discomfort
squamous hyperplasia
if atypia exist is precancerous or cancerous
gartner’s duct cysts
common, lateral wall of vagina, wolffian duct remnants
vestibular adenitis
glands in posterior vestibule may become inflammed, idiopathic
clear cell adenocarcinoma
in women whose mothers took DES during pregnancy, upper third of anterior vaginal wall or cervix, vaginal adenosis is precursor, no sx
what hormone is dominant in the first two weeks
what phase is this
estrogen
follicular phase
what hormone is dominant in the second two weeks
progesterone
leuteal phase
what happens during pregnancy
no drop in progesterone
usually the drop causes a period
when and why does LH spike
before ovulation to kick the ova out of the ovary
what hormone is thermogenic, how does this affect body heat
progesterone
temp lower in follicular phase then rise after LH surge
what are the physiologic actions of progesterone
- limit prepartum actions of prolactin
- thermogenic
- increases consistency of mucus
- stimulates growth and development of endometrium for implantation
- decreases myometrium sensitivity to oxytocin
- inhibits GnRH secretion from CNS to alter sexual receptivity
-definition of menopuase
no menses for 12 or more months and a rise in FSH and LH
androgens may decline or rise based on adrenal function
bacterial infection of lactating breast is what?
what organism?
acute mastitis dt staph
mammary duct ectasia
dilation of lactiferous ducts
what causes fibrocystic breast dz
ecess estrogene
what is the most common benign tumorof the breast in women under 30
fibroadenoma
what is the number one female cancer
carcinoma in ductal and glandular tissue
pagets dz of breast
associated with later stage infiltrating carcinoma causing inflammation of the tissue on the ipple
poor prognosis
what is the making of gametes called
meiosis
mitosis is what
making of daughter cells
Which division 1 or two in meiotic division of spermatogensis is non haploid
the second
What do you end up with in spermatogenesis
(2) 23x
2(23)y
what happens during oogenesis to create a mature follicle
sperm must meet the immature follicle
-the secondary oocyte is fertilized after the second meiotic division and the pronuclei fuse to form the zygote
single cell organism that is the 1st named structure after fusing of the pronuclei
zygote
what is 12 or more blastomeres called
morula
what is the final implanting structure
blastocyst
what does FSH do, when does it peak
promotes growth of follicles peaks day 11-13
What does LH do when does it peak
Day 12-13
stimulates granulosa cells to decrease estrogen, increase progesterone
what is the primary site of fertilization
the ampulla
What are the stages of development in ovulation and fertilization to implantation
- Day 1: fertilization to zygote formation
- Day 2-3: z cell stage through morula
- Day 4-5: free blastocyst
- Day 5-6: blastocyst attaches=implantation
where does sperm pass through in fertilization and what enzymes break down the zona pellucida
ovum coronatubular enzymes
what zone does sperm have to penetrate to, why is it there
zona pellucida, zona reaction occurs to block other sperm
t
where does the second meiotic division occur
zona pellucida
where does normal implantation occur
in the endometrium
what is the blastula
1 day after morula enters uterus, the central blastomeres part and fluid fills the space
2 parts
- )trophoblasts(early placenta)
- ) embryoblasts (early embyro)
what is the most common site for ectopic implantation
uterine tube
Bilaminar germ disc
amniotic cavity appears between trophoblast and embroblast
embryoblast differentiates into bilaminar disc
prochondral plate develops as thickening in the hypoblast
what is gastrulation
formation of the germ layers
list the steps of fertilization
- sperm passes through ovums corona
- sperm and tubular enzymes break down zona pellucida
- sperm penetrates zona pellucida
- male and female pronuclei fuse to form zygote
- diploid chromosome number restored(46)
- blastocyst impants in endometrium on day 6
- cleavage of zygote
- morula
- blastula
- normal implantation
- ectopic implantation
- bilaminar germ disc
- gastrulation
what 7 things have ectoderm
- CNS
- PNS
- sensory epithelia of the eye, ear nose
- epidermis and appendages
- mammary glands
- posterior pituitary
- adrenal medulla
What 8 things came from mesoderm
- connective tissue, cartilage, bone
- muscle
- heart
- blood, lymph vessels and cells
- kidneys, ovaries, testes, genital ducts
- serous membrane
- spleen
- adrenal cortex
what came from endoderm (4)
- gastric and respiratory epithelium
- parenchyma of tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, liver, thymus, pancreas
- epithelial linning of bladder, most of urethra, tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum, auditory tube
- anterior pit
What does the ductus arteriosus turn into
ligamentum arteriosum
What does the ductus venosus turn into
ligamentum venosum
what does the umbilican vein turn into
ligamentum teres
what does the foramen ovale turn into
fossa ovalis
what does the umbilical artery turn into
the lateral umbilical ligament
What type of blood does the umbilical artery carry
venous deoxygenated blood
Where does oxytocin come from and what do we use it for
comes from posterior pituitary
ejection of milk and smooth muscle contraction
where does prolactin come from and what does it do
anterior pit
milk production lactogenesis luteotrophic growth of hair and sebaceous glands mammary growth LH receptor maintence
What four structures are only susceptible to teratogens in early pregnancy
ears, palate, heart, lower limbs
are we suspectible to teratogens in the first two weeks of pregancy
no
CNS susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 3-38
Heart susceptibility to teratogens
Weeks 3-8
Upper limb susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 4-8
lower limb susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 4-8
eyes susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 4-38
Teeth susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 7-38
palate susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 7=9
external genitlia susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 7-38
ears susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 4-16
what are the purines
Adenine
Guanine
Pyrimidines
Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine
Nucleosides
think ine
Adenosine Guanosine Uridine Cytidine Deoxythymidine
Nucleotides
think ATE
adenylate (AMP) guanylate (GMP) Uridylate(UMP) cytidylate(CMP) Deoxythyidylate(dTMP)
which requires folic acid as a complete co-factor in its synthesis
purine or pyrimidine
purine
what is the substrate for pyrimidine synthesisv
glutamine
polymerase I
makes rRNA
polymerase II
makes mRNA
polymerase III
makes tRNA
what polymerizes nucleotides on the DNA template to form RNA copy
RNA polymerase
what connects the DNA in syntehsis
ligase
what strand creates okazaki fragments
the right strand, 3’-5’ because we can only synthesize in 5-3
nuclear division of somatic cells
mitosis
produces gametes
meiosis
4 phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides
what phase do most somatic cells spend the majority of their lives in
interphase
what does interphase include
G0: while its working, indefinite period
G1
S
G2
G1
normal cell function, cell growthand duplication of organelles, make proteins
S
dna replication synthesis of hormones
G2
protein synthesis
M
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
process of cell specialization
differentiation
produces populations of cells with limited capabilits, differentiated form of normal tissue
unidfferentiated is what
cancerous
Mitosis:
type of cell parent cell chromosomes chromosome replication # # of cyotoplasmic divisions # of cells formed # chromosomes in each new cell
type of cell: somatic
parent cell chromosomes:46(23 pair)
chromosome replication #: once
of cyotoplasmic divisions:1
of cells formed: 2
chromosomes in each new : 46
Meisosis
type of cell parent cell chromosomes chromosome replication # # of cyotoplasmic divisions # of cells formed # chromosomes in each new cell
type of cell: reproductive cells
parent cell chromosomes: 46
chromosome replication #: once
of cyotoplasmic divisions:2
of cells formed:4
chromosomes in each new :23
what is the TATA box part of
the promoter region
what does RNApolymerase need to recognize promotore
transcription factor
what are inducers
steroid hormones tha tbind to nuclear receptor protein. Form a complex that binds to DNA and activates some gene, inactivates others
What do enhancers do
regulatory DNA sequence, can bu upstream or downstream of promoter
may be located several thousand base pairs from starting point of transcription
loops in DNA bring enhancers near the promoter region of the gene
what two diseases result from loss or gain of a whole chromosome (genome mutation)
Trisomy 21-down syndrome
4XO-turner syndrome
what are chromosomal mutations
rearrangement of genetic material within a chromosome
generally translocations
Mendelian/ gene mutation disorders
deletion or insertion of nucleotide bases within a specific gene chromosome
two types of mendelian disorders
point mutation: substitution of a single nucleotide, thalaseia and sickle cell
frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion of base pains: tay sachs, cystic fibrosis
XXY, thin body, hypogonadic gynecomastic male
klinfelter’s syndrome
XO or XO/46XY female
menopause before menarch
Turners Syndrome
Trisomy 21
47 chromosomes
down syndrome
what is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation
down syndrome
what are examples of autosomal recessive diseases
PKU
Sickle Cell
Thalassemia
Lysosomal storage
Autosomal dominant diseases:
von Willebrand’s familial hypercholesterolemia
X linked recssive
symptomatic in males carrier in femalses
G6PD deficiency, hemophilia
Fragile-X syndrome
second most common cause of genetic mental retardation
Fragile X syndrome
Mitochondrial gene mutation
ova has lots of mitochondria and sperm lose their in fertilization (no mtDNA to transmit downstreme)
mothers genetic material contains all mitochondrial information so maternal passes it on
DX lebers hereditary optic neuropathy
