Neuro A Flashcards
What three things does CN-9 do?
- pressure sense for brain
- stylopharengous muscle
- touch taste in the back of the tongue
Where do the baroreceptors live?
in the carotid sinus
What does the common carotid break into
internal and external carotids
Where is the first branch of the internal carotid
Inside the skull at the ophthalmic artery
What gives blood outside the skull to the head and neck
external carotid
What divides the circle of willis from the vertebral basilar system
posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar
Everything ___ is part of the circle of willis and ___is part of the basilar
Cerebral
cerebellar NOT PART OF IT
what do communicating arteries do
they are NOT blood suppliers, they communicate arteries in the circle
what does the anterior communicating artery communicate between
anterior cerebral arteries on both sides
what does the posterior communicating artery communicate between
anterior cerebral +middle cerebral and the posterior cerebral
What do the vertebral arteries turn into
basilar artery which goes to the posterior cerebral artery
What are the branches of the basilar artery
all named after the brainstem and cerebellar
branches of the vertebral artery are named what
spinal artery that go into the upper part of spinal cord
Internal carotid has two branches:
anterior cerebral and middle cerebral
THE BONY PROMINENCE THAT IS COMMECERENT WITH THE CONFLUENT OF SINUSES INSIDE THE BRAIN IS WHAT? WHAT IS THIS
WHERE ALL THE SINUSES MEET
BONY PROMINENCE IS THE INION/EOP
What are two types of vascular malformations and where do they occur
Arterial venous malformation: congenital occur anywhere
Berry aneurysm: congenital in the anterior middle and posterior communicating
Diastolic pressure over 120, grade 4 retinal changes
hypertensive encephalopathy, may lead to rupture and hemorrhage
What is the mc reason of spinal cord vascular lesions
vascular compression: tumors, acute disk compression)
Does the brain have lymphatics?
no
what controls fluid transport to the brain
BBB
Enlarged lateral ventricles of the brain is ___? What is it caused by?
Hydrocephalus
dt inability of children to drain cerebral sinal fluid leads to swollen skull
Why does hypoxia and ischemia happen?
acidosis which leads to necrosis
Low pH or low O2
what is encephalomalcia
necrosis of the brain
What is stroke due to, what are the four causes
not enough blood circulation in the brain
- thrombolic: atherosclerosis
- Embolic: cardiac thrombi to middle cerebral
- Hemmorhagic: secondary to HTN, rupture of berry, women who smoke or O/C
- Liquifaction necrosis in both
Where does the optic tract come from
optic canal
Where does the maxillary nerve (v2) come from
foramen rotundum
Where does the mandibular nerve (v3) come from
foramen ovale
Where does the middle meningeal A/V come from
foramen spinosum
Where does the internal carotid artery come from
foramen lacernum
Where does the facial nerve come from
Internal acoustic meatus
Where does the hypoglossal nerve come from
hypoglossal canal
pneumonic for CN
Oh oh oh to touch and feel virgin girl vagina and hymin
pneumonic for sensory/motor/both
some say marry money but my brother says
Which cranial nerves are sensory
1,2,8
Which cranial nerves are motor
3,4,6,11,12
Which cranial nerves are mixed
5,7,9,10
which cranial nerves distribute near diencephalon
1,2
which cranial nerves distribute near midbrain
3,4
which cranial nerves distribute near pons
5,6,7,8
which cranial nerves distribute near medulla
9,,10,11,12
what is the order of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla
What type of fibers are olfactory nerve
- cells that turnover
- chemoreceptive fibers
- smallest and slowest
- doesnt detect pain (CN5)
What goes through the cribriform plate
-unmyelinated c fibers
olfactory bulbsgo through the cribriform plate so fractures here affect smell
Which cranial nerve uses G proteins and cAMP
CN-1 Olfaction
___ uses cAMP
___uses cGMP
olfaction=cAMP
Vision=cGMP
both non brainstem
CN2
optic nerve
helps you see, not move thats CN3
What way does the eye grow forward and from what
forward from brain to optic cups
What is the layer of the eye and what is it contigous with:
retina
choroid
sclera
Nerve=retina
CSF=choroid
Dura=sclera
what controls the lens
When it contracts are you increases or decreasing the aperatue, do you see closer or further
Ciliary muscle
Contraction decreases aperture seeing closeer
what controls the lens
When it contracts are you increases or decreasing the aperatue , do you see closer or further
Ciliary muscle
Contraction decreases aperture(wider fater) seeing closer
think fat and wide like a magnifier
Sympathetics control what in the eye
relaxation of the ciliary muscle
if you have relaxation of the ciliary muscle what are you doing
making the lense thinner to see further
aqueous humor flow direction
aqueous flows from ciliary body to posterior chamber to feed lense into the anterior chamber and drains through the canal of schlemm
what supplies blood to the corneaq
aqueous humor
What is the pupillary light reflex
affernt information in is CN2
Efferent where motor activity goes out to shut pupil down is CN3
Visual fields are __ of retinal fields
Inverse
Lateral/temporal receptive fibers ____
Medial/nasal receptive fibers ____
Lateral stay on same side
Medial: cross at the optic chiasm
50% of visual information that goes to brain crosses over at optic chiasm
what is below the optic chiasm
the pituitary
what can happen to vision in a pituitary tumor
loss of medial vision=temporal visual perception=bitemporal heminopsia
What do the lateral geniculate bodies do?
synaptic area that transmits optic tract to the ocipital lobe where we have visual sense
what happens in macular degeneration
retinal pigment degeneration, pigment cells degenerate so you wont see in that area
Rods do:
Cons do:
which have higher sensitivty which have higher activity
Rods: night vision
- higher sensitivity
- lower activity
- in periphery of retina
Cones: color
- low sensitivity
- high activity
- 3 color categories
what has 1:1 relationship with bipolar cels
where are they found?
cones
found in the fovea
miosis vs mydriasis
miosis: near vision-constrict
Mydriasis: far vision-relax
metiated through autonomic activity
CN-3
oculomotor
-moves lid and eyeball with exception of CN4 and 6
CN-4
Trochlear Nerve
- Midbrain to the superior oblique
- moves eye down and out
CN-6
Abducens
- pons to lateral rectus muscle
- abducts the eye, lateral eye movement
LR6SO4 and all the rest are 3
Lateral rectus moves CN-6
SO4 is trochlear nerve superior oblique
all the rest of eye movements are CN3
CN-5
Trigeminal nerve
- Opthalmic
- Maxillary
- Mandibular
Sharp Dull, Clench jaw and blink reflex
CN-7
Facial
-pons to internal acoustic meatus
Facial expression, salivation, taste to anterior 2/3
also: motor to posterior digastric and stapedius
Where does the facial nerve go through
Internal acoustic meatus() and stylomastoid foramen
paralysis in the stylomastoid formmen is due to what nerve
facial
CN-9
Glossopharyngeal nerve
-medulla through jugular foramen to target areas
-STYLOPHARnGEUS muscle
-Salivates parasympathetic of parotid gland
-Taste/touch to posterior 1/3 of tongue
Baroreceptors to carotid bodies
what is the only muscle in back of throat innervated by CN
-STYLOPHARnGEUS muscle
What does taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN7
What does touch to anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN5 (v3)
What does taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue
CN9
What does touch to posterior 1/3 of tongue
CN9
everything from epiglotis back is what?
CN-10
What nerve moves the tongue out, down and in
CN 12
What moves the tongue up
CN10
CN 7 does sense of what?
taste to front 1/3: salty/sweet
CN 9 does what?
back 1/3 of taste bitter/sour
CN-8
Vestibulocochlear/Auditory nerve
-Pons(medulla) through the internal acoustic meatus to the inner ear
- Cochlear: hearing to cochlea
- Vestibular: balance to utricle, sacculus and semicircular canals
What type of nystagmus is pathologic
horizontal: vestibular-vestibular neuronitis of 8th CN=vertigo
Vertical: brainstem dz/hypoxia
Where is perilymph, what is it rich in
where is endolymph, what is it rich in
Perilymph: outside of cell, sodium
Endolymph: inside cell, potassium
Cochlea what does it have and what does it do?
contains perilymph and endolymph
does hearing works with sodium potassium movement to create action potential
what is the organ of corti
helps with sense of hearing
located in middle of cochlea
where does the auditory cortex lie
superior temporal gyrus on side of head
What does the primary auditory cortex do and what is it stimulated by
Stimulated by medial genegulate body to say you heard something
What does the association areas do
stimulated by primary auditory cortex and thalamic assn. areas to store sounds you have heard in the past
Lateral geniculate body does what
medial geniculate?
L=vision
M=hearing
vestibular system
for balance, action potentials here do this so they have peri and endo lymph
CN-10
Vagus
-medulla to juglar foramen to pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, stomach, spleen, liver, kidney, intestines
-Taste of epiglotitis
-Swallowing
-lifts palate
-Talk: larynx
-gag reflex
elevates tongue
what muscle elevates the tongue that is innervated by the CN12
palatoglossus
CN-11
Spinal accessory
-comes off upper cervical nerve roots (vental hornes) up through foramen magnum and to the medulla and out the jugular foramen
-Motor to SCM and Traps(moves head forward for rotation)
CN-12
Hypoglossal
-medula to hypoglossal canal to tongue
-Speech, swallowing, all motion of tongue up which is CN-10
The right hemisphere does what
facial expression and body language
The left hemisphere
speaking and language
lesions in left hemisphere can cause what
aphasia
what are two areas in the left hemisphere and what do they cause if there is a lesion there
Wernickies: sensory aphasia (word salad)
Broca’s area: motor aphasia (hear you but cant say the words, broca is broken)
