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Cytokines > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain has no real BBB

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What are two parts of the hypothalamus

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

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3
Q

Which is neuro and which is adeno: Anterior or posterior pitutitary

A

Neuro: Posterior pituitary

Adeno: Anterior Pituitary

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4
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit

A

Inside the sella tursica in the center of the skull/sphenoid bone

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5
Q

What does the secretory neuron/axons do

A

Take oxytocin and ADH to the post pituitory to store it

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6
Q

Where does the neurohypophysis come from?

A

from neuro ectoderm of the forebrain to make the posterior pituitary

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7
Q

Where does the adenohypophysis come from?

A

the rafkies pouch and grows backward to make the anterior pituitary

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8
Q

which pituitary makes its own hormonal output

A

Anterior pit

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9
Q

The portal venous system is where?

A

between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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10
Q

What does the anterior pituitary make

A

TSH, ACTH, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, FSH, LH

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11
Q

What makes oxytocin and ADH?

A

The hypothalamus, its secreted to the posterior pituitary by secretory neurons/axons

Stored in the posterior pituitary

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12
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

smooth muscle contraction

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13
Q

How do second messinger systems work?

A

They bind peripherally and that causes a receptor on the cell membrane to activate and cause second messingers inside the cell to do something specific for the cell

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14
Q

Steroid vitamin D get in the cell how?

A

They are lipophillic they go through the cell bind to receptor inside cell and activate

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15
Q

Is thyroid lipophilic

A

no

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16
Q

ACTH Acts where and does what

A

adrenal cortex for cortisol production

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17
Q

LH Acts where and does what

A

Testies, ovary, oestrogen, androgen, ovulation and progesterone

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18
Q

TSH Acts where and does what

A

thyroid for T4 and T3

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19
Q

Prolactin Acts where and does what

A

breast for lactation

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20
Q

GH Acts where and does what

A

growth hormone for growth

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21
Q

FSH Acts where and does what

A

spermatogenesis follicle growth

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22
Q

what is the classic disease of hypopituitary when there is loss of anterior pituitary out

A

sheehan’s syndrome/empty sella syndrome

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23
Q

what is the classic disease of hypopituitary when there is loss of posterior pituitary out

A

diabetes insipididus

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24
Q

What happens in diabetes inspidius

A

NO ADH from posterior pituitary leads to inability to concentrate the urine and unquenchable thirst that wakes the up at night.

electrolyte disturbances

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25
Q

Hyperpituitarism is from what

A

the anterior pituitary usually an adenoma

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26
Q

What is the most common adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

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27
Q

What is somatotropic adenoma secreting and what does it lead to

A

Excess GH leads to acromegaly(adults) and giantism(kids)

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28
Q

What do corticotrophic tumors secret

A

ACTH leads to cushings syndrome

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29
Q

What two cells manufacture thyroid hormone

A

follicular and colloid cells

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30
Q

____+____=thyroid horomone

A

Tyrosine + Iodine

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31
Q

what thyroid is imported

A

T3Leio

T4Levo

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32
Q

What enzyme imports Iodine from I- to I2

A

Oxidation peroxidase

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33
Q

What happens to T3 and T4

A
  • the free form is taken to target tissues when stimulated by TSH
  • it is conjugated in bile and gets excreted
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34
Q

What T3 or T4 is active and has a membrane receptor

35
Q

What enzyme converts T4 to T3

A

5’deiodinase

36
Q

What enzyme reduces testosterone

A

5alpha reductase

37
Q

What are the cellular actions of T3

A 
Increased metabolism(mitochondrial activity)
Increased cell turnover (DNA-mRNa-Protein)
38
Q

What is body temperature

what hormone effects it

A

The sum of all mitochrondrial activity

Thyroid can affect it

39
Q

MC cause of low thyroid

A

hashimotos thyroiditis

40
Q

What is graves disease

sx:
Hormones:

A

thyroid toxicosis/hyperthyroidism

sx: lid retraction, lid lag, proptosis, goiter

Hormones: Increased T3 and T4 low TSH

41
Q

What is dequervain’s thyroiditis

A

subacute granulomatous

, begins with hyperthyroid, then goes hypo then euthyroid

42
Q

Reidels thyroiditis

A

Rock hard woody thyroid that mimics carcinoma, fibrotic proliferation may cause hpothyroidism

43
Q

Goiter types

A

Simple: definciency of iodine or too many goitrogens (calcium and fluorine in water, brassicae, polluted water) commonly graves

Multinodular goiter: large, often mistaken for cancer

44
Q

Are adenomas of the thyroid benign of malignant

who are they most commonly seen in

A

90-99% benign may cause pressure symptoms

post menopausal women

45
Q

What are most malignant tumors of they thyroid

A

papillary carcinoma

46
Q

Calcitonin

  • what does it do
  • where is it produced
  • What does it act on to do what
A

It lowers blood calcium

Made by the parafollicular cells

Acts on

bone: inhibits reasorption by osteoclasts
Kidney: increases ca, na, k excretion and decreases mg excretion

47
Q

What does parathyroid horome do and how?

A

raises serum calcium when low by acting on vitamin d to decrease calcium excretion

48
Q

What is the acronym for order of layers of the adrenal cortex

A

GFR Salt Sugar Sex the deeper you go the sweeter it gets

49
Q

2 layers of the adrenal glands are?

A

cortex::(corticosteroids)

medulla(sympathetic stimulation)

50
Q

What is the medulla made of and what is it stimulated by to do what?

A

Made of chromafin cells
stimulated by sympathetic nervous system
makes epi and ne

51
Q

What three things does the adrenal cortex make, what zones make it and whats the correct order from outer to inner

A

Zona Glomerulosa-aldosterone

Zona Fasciculata: cortisol

Zona reticularis: sex steroids

52
Q

What is the mineralcorticoid in the body

A

aldosterone

53
Q

What happens to calcium in hyperparathyroidism

54
Q

___serum calcium and ___serum phosphate is seen in what disorder

A

hypoparathyroidism

55
Q

Chovesteks/trousseaus sign is seen in what

A

hypoparathyroidism

56
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor limited to adrenal medulla only

secretes catecholamines=epi+ne

57
Q

neuroblastoma: is it confined to the adrenal medulla?

A

childhood tumor of adenal that you are born with

NO

58
Q

what is a neurological germ cell tumor that is not limited to the adrenal medulla

A

neuroblastoma

59
Q

Hypoadrenalism, low cortisol, high ACTH

what else will you see?

A

Addisons

Low NA, Cl, cortisol and increased K

60
Q

Hyperadrenalism, ectopic ACTH, high cortisol

A

cushings

moon like faces, buffalo hump, osteopersosis

61
Q

What is a solitary aldosterone secreting adenoma in the adrenal cortex?

A

Conns syndrome

will also see low renin and potassium high na and aldosterone

62
Q

What does aldosterone do and where?

A

tells you to excrete potassium and save sodium in the distal tubule

63
Q

What are the steps to making epi

A

Tyroisin-L-dopa-Dopa-Ne-Epi

64
Q

Where do we see N-methyl transferase and what does it do?

A

adrenal medulla

NE–>Epi requies SAMe, B12 folate

65
Q

What does epi do in adipose tissue

A

activates hormone lipase to break down fat

66
Q

What does epi do the liver or muscle

A

controls phosphorylase a to break down glycogen into glucose

67
Q

What is the parent steroid that all other steroids are made from and what is it made from

A

pregnenolone

from cholesterol

68
Q

What stimulates aldosterone

A

ACTH, HyPERKALEMMIA, angiotensin 2

69
Q

Where does ACE come from and what does it do

A

comes from the lung to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

70
Q

where is angiotensinogen from and what activates it

A

the liver activated by renin from the JGA cells in response to low blood volume and GFR

71
Q

What type of pancreas is ductless

A

endocrine pancreas

exocrine pancreas has ducts

72
Q

If the endocrine pancreas is ductless what does this
mean?

ducts?

A

it means it secretes directly into the blood stream

Ducts: has tubular ducts that make digestive enzymes, lined with cuboidal epithelium

73
Q

what are the ducts of the pancreas lined with

A

cuboidal epithelium

74
Q

Alpha cells of the pancrease secrete what

75
Q

What do the beta cells of the pancreas do

A

secrete insulin

76
Q

What do the delta cells of the pancreas do?

A

secrete somatostatin

77
Q

Whats happening in type one diabetes

A

you have anabolism happening and you are breaking yourself down leading to ketosis due to fat breaking down, you pee sugar and water

78
Q

What is happening in diabetic ketoacidosis

A

DM 1 is lack of insulin

cells cant get sugar to burn so cells burn fat which leads to ketones and thats poisonous to our body

79
Q

what substrate in fat degredation goes into ketone formation

A

acetoacetyl Coa

80
Q

what is the difference between DMI and DMII

A

DM I: childhood onset, insulin lack due to beta cell underproduction but has good insulin receptors

DMII: adult onset, to much insulin with not enough receptor activity

both have high blood sugar

81
Q

Tumor that secretes gastrin

A

Zollinger-ellison syndrome

leads to HCL secretion

82
Q

What is a true beta cell tumor that produces hypoglycemia

A

Insulinoma

83
Q

Thymic hyperplasia

A

Lymphoid follicles in the thymus often myasthenia gravis

84
Q

Digeorge syndrome

A

aplasia/hypoplasia of the thymus accompanied by parathyroid development and failure

Cytokines (9 decks)

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