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Cytokines > Neuro B > Flashcards

Neuro B Flashcards

1
Q

When you think about parasympathetic what should you think about

A

you just ate a large meal

  • all digetive processes are happening
  • sitting on a toliet, relaxing sphincters
  • reading under a bright light

-lens thick so you can see up close

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2
Q

Superior cervical ganglia

A

Sympathetic activity to(eye ear nose throat)

  1. ciliary-eyes
  2. pterygopalatine-teas and nose
  3. submandibular-saliva
  4. otic-oral parotid
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3
Q

which ganglia parasympathetic activity from the brainstem go

A

(eye ear nose throat)

  1. ciliary-eyes
  2. pterygopalatine-teas and nose
  3. submandibular-saliva
  4. otic-oral parotid
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4
Q

All parasympathetic control to the chest comes through what nerve

A

vagus nerve from the brainstem

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5
Q

Sympathetic innervation goes directly to what three ganglia to do what?

A
  1. Celiac-splanch organs through 1/2 Li
  2. Superior mesenteric: 1/2 Li
  3. Inferior messinteric: through rectum and urogenital organs
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6
Q

Autonomic control over arousal and climax

which is sympathetic and which is sympathetic

A

Parasympathetic: arousal (pelvic splenech)

Sympathetic: climax (inferior mesenteric)

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7
Q

Lower gi urination has sympathetic from where and parasympathetic from where

A

Sympathetic: from inferior mesenteric

Para: pelvic splenich

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8
Q

what are preganglionic and post ganglionic for sympathetic

A

pre: cholinergic nicotinic

Post: alpha and beta receptors

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9
Q

what are preganglionic and post ganglionic for parasympathetic

A

pre: cholinergic-nicotinic
post: cholinergic-muscarinic,

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10
Q

What are two classes of cholinergic receptors

A

A receptor that opperates as Ach as its neurotransmitter

nicotinic
muscarinic

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11
Q

What are the two adrenergic receptors and what do they do

A

Alpha

  • excitatory except in GI tract
  • Type 1 and 2: vasoconstriction

Beta:

  • inhibitory (except in heart)
  • type 1 and 2: vasodilation
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12
Q

Alpha one adrenergic

A

Tubular organs (vasculature and GI tube)

  • post synaptic sympathetic
  • Vascular is excitatory (vasoconstriction)
  • GI inhibitory (paralytic)
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13
Q

Alpha 2 adrenergic

A

CNS

  • Presynaptic sympathetic (decreases catecholamines)
  • decreases sympathetic tone
  • calm central nervous system down
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14
Q

Beta 1 adrenergic

A

Heart

  • post synaptic sympathetic (cardiac)
  • excitatory to heart, more pumping!
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15
Q

Beta 2 adrenergic

A

lungs

-postsynaptic sympathetic inhibitory (vasodilation, bronchodilation)

paralyzes smooth muscle in teachea and bronchi to allow air in and out

paralyze vascular smooth muscle to allow for vasodilation to oxygenate the blood

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16
Q

Dorsal horn problem =

A

sense (afferent)problem

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17
Q

ventral horn problem

A

paralysis/motor(efferent) problem

polio

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18
Q

all synaptic areas and cell bodies to help synapsies

A

grey matter

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19
Q

where is white matter where is grey matter

A

white outside

grey inside

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20
Q

what is in the white matter

A

axons go up and down

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21
Q

Stretch reflex:

synapses:
Stimulus:
Afferent fiber:
Response:

A

Knee Jerk

synapses: Monosynaptyic
Stimulus: muscle stretching stimulates it
Afferent fiber: Ia
Response: contraction of muscle

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22
Q

Golgi tendon reflex:

synapses:
Stimulus:
Afferent fiber:
Response:

A

clasp knife

synapses: disynaptic
Stimulus: muscle contracts
Afferent fiber: Ib
Response: relaxation of the muscle

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23
Q

Flexor-withdrawl reflex:

synapses:
Stimulus:
Afferent fiber:
Response:

A

synapses: polysynaptic
Stimulus: pain
Afferent fiber: II, III, IV
Response: ipsilateral flexion, contralateral extension

24
Q

Bicep reflex:

Spinal level
Motor function

A

Spinal level: c5

Motor function: deltoid

25
Q

Brachioradialis Reflex:

Spinal level
Motor function

A

Spinal level: C6

Motor function: wrist extension

26
Q

Triceps reflex:

Spinal level
Motor function

A

Spinal level: C7

Motor function: wrist flexion

27
Q

Patellar reflex:

Spinal level
Motor function

A

Spinal level: L-4

Motor function: quadraceps

28
Q

Foot reflex:

Spinal level
Motor function

A

Spinal level: L5

Motor function: dorsiflex

29
Q

Achilles reflex:

Spinal level
Motor function

A

Spinal level: S1

Motor function: plantar flexion

30
Q

Which fiber type is the biggest fastest

A

A-alpha: motorneurons

larger is faster

31
Q

Which fiber type is the smallest and slowest

A

C fibers: pain

32
Q

Pain and temp are smaller or faster fibers

A

smaller

33
Q

pressure, touch, vibration

A

bigger faster

34
Q

What does the golgi tendon organ do?

A

prevents us from having overstretch by inhibiting alpha motor neurons

35
Q

The dorsal column(lemniscal system)

does what?

A

High sensitivity

Touch
Vibration
movement against the skin
position
pressure
36
Q

What are the three components of the lemniscal system and what do they do?

A

Pacinian: vibration

Merkels: pressure

Meissner’s: skin

37
Q

What does the antrolateral system do

A

hold large tracks and move bulk of nervous system information

pain
thermal
crude touch and pressure(poor localization)
tickle and itch
sexual sensation
38
Q

What are the two components of the dorsal/posterior column

A

fasciculus gracilis

Fasiculus cuneatus

39
Q

Upper motor neuron defects

A

Hyperactive nerve

Spastic paralysis
Little atrophy
no fibrilations
hyperreflexia
positive babinski
40
Q

Lower motor neuron defect

A

Hypoactive nerve/damage to peripheral nerve

Atrophy
Flaccid paralysis
Fibrillations
Hyporeflexia
Negative babinski
41
Q

What disease follows both Upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron defects

A

A mylotrophic lateral sclerosis

mixed presentation

42
Q

What are the two places that do not have a BBB

A

eye and diencephalon

43
Q

Fast pain fibers

mediated through-to where

what type of pain?

A

mediated through brainstem up to the somatic homunculus (sensory)

localized pain

have to go furtherest so have to be fastest

44
Q

Slow pain fibers

go where

what type of pain?

A

To the thalamus to cause thalamic pain (non localized pain)

45
Q

What happens in the reticular formation

A
  • both fast and slow fibers go through here
  • during the day it collects information
  • aurosal center of brain
  • at night it clears itself for the next day
46
Q

What can pass through the blood brain barrier and what cant

A

Fat soluble substances and gases go through easily

Everything else has to be transported by a carrier

(water soluble)

47
Q

What are the choroid plexi and where do they live

A

live in areas of the ventricular system

they make CSF

48
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

Ventricles 1 and 2

Make CSF up high

49
Q

Ventricles 3 and 4

A

make csf down low

50
Q

how does communication between ventricles happen

A

cerebral aquaduct and formena of luschki and magendie

circulate CSF to brain and spinal cord

51
Q

where is magnesium with resting membrane potential

where is calcium?

A

magnesium is inside

calcium is outside

52
Q

When do you get an action potential in the peripheral nervous system

A

reached at threshhold 1:1 relationship

53
Q

central nervous system when do you get an action potential

A

voting system

need so many yes votes to get an action potential

54
Q

enough post synaptic firing to cause a new AP

A

EPSP

55
Q

Inhibition of action potential due to hyperpolarizaation

A

doesnt matter how many yeses

IPSP

56
Q

what is the receptor/ generator potential

A

what it take to cause a membrane to reach threshhold so that you get an AP

-can be adapted, the longer you activate them the more it reaches threshold

Cytokines (9 decks)

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