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Neuro C Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the biogenic amines

A

Anything that turns into neurotransmitters

Glutamine, gaba glycine, serine, alanine, cystathionine, glutamine, lysine, theonine, leucine

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2
Q

What are the excitatory neurotransmitters

A 
Noreepi
Dopamine
Epinephrine
glutamate
serotonin
acetlychline
histamine
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3
Q

What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Gaba
glycine
nitric oxidie
neurosteroids

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4
Q

acetyl choline

A

Increase: agression,depression

decreased: decreased memory, delirium, delusion

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5
Q

Dopamine

A

Increase: psychoses, anxiety, confusion, aggression

decreased: dementia, movement disorders, depression

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6
Q

Serotonin

A

Increase: anxiety

decreased: depression,dementia

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7
Q

Norepi

A

Increase: anxiety, aggression inattention

Decreased: anxiety

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8
Q

Gaba

A

Increased: affective decrease, lethargy

Decreased: anxiety

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9
Q

Glycine

A

Increased: affective decrease, lethargy

Decreased: anxiety

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10
Q

Nitrous oxidide

A

Increased: sedation, vasodiliation, visual hallucinations

decreased: vasospasm, potential hyperactivity

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11
Q

Histamine

A

Increased: mania
Decreased: depression

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12
Q

Where are neuro transmitters stored, how are they released

A

vesicles store them

actional potential comes down and causes vesicle to bind to pre-synaptic terminal which binds to the post synaptic which will cause action to happen

after binding you will have metabolism and reuptake

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13
Q

Pro receptor activity vs anti-receptor activity

A

Pro: Na or Ca opening channel

Anti: Cl- slows down nervous system

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14
Q

What B vitamins are required to turn cysteine into taurine.

A

B3 and B 6

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15
Q

What enzyme builds and what breaks down acetyl choline.

A

Builds: choline acetylase

Breaks: acetylcholine esterase

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16
Q

What are the three fates of tryptophan

A

Niacinaminde(b3)

Serotonin which converts into melatonin

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17
Q

Where does melatonin come from? Where and what vitamins does it need

A

From serotonin in the pineal gland needs B5, B12 and folate

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18
Q

deficiency in phenylalanine cause

what about pheny-hydroxylase

A

Phenylalanine: retardation

enzyme: Phenyl ketone urea

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19
Q

What is the pathway to make Epi

A

Phenylalanine-tyrosine-L-dopa-dopamine-NE-Epi

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20
Q

4 fates of tyrosine

A

Melanin production
Thyroid hormone
TCA cycle
Doapmine,Ne, Epi

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21
Q

What does tyrosine hydroxylase need

A

B3, Fe

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22
Q

What happens in the adrenal medulla

A

Ne-Epi

the only place that contains N-methyl-transferase

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23
Q

what is the primary breakdown product of catecholamines in the urine

A

Vanillamandilic acid

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24
Q

what two enzymes are used in the production of catecholamine breakdown

what happens if you have a genetic deficiency in them

A

MAO and COMT

Genetic deficiency: Increased NE and Epi= hyper and anxiety sleep disturbance and aggrivation

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25
N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA receptor)
non catecholamine receptors that mediate excitatory neurotransmission
26
What excites NMDA receptors
Glutamate
27
What does Nitric oxide do?
excites cGMP
28
What three things do cGMP act on
Retina: photoreception Vascular smooth muscle: vasodilation AMPA (excitatory receptors): probable desensitization, glutamine class to calm you down
29
Histamine 1 receptor
Exitatory -increased depolarization in hypothalamic and limbic areas Snotty nose
30
Histamine 2 receptors
excitatory/stimulating central and peripheral slows potassium conductance increasing excitation in the hipocampus, amydala and basal nuclei runs HCL transporters
31
Histamine 3 receptors
Inhibitory Blocks calcium channels in the basal nuclei decreasing histamine release
32
Histamine 4 receptors
Inhibitory slows/modulates NMDA receptor complex
33
Histidine to histamine needs what vitamin
decarboxylase so needs B1
34
Histamine is reduced how and removed how
reduced: methylation Removed MAO
35
what does gaba do
cl=channel activity to inhibit Formed from glutamine in CNS
36
Glycine does what
also does a Cl- channel but acts like gaba without being gaba inhibitory/calming
37
How does the brain know if we have night or day
the Retino-hypothalamic pathway
38
What is the circadian control of waking
ACTCH--creates increased adrenal cortex activity--leads to the AM cortisol surge brain wakes up
39
What is the circadian control of calming the brain in PM
Light diminishes--retino-hypothalamic pathway increases activity = night--fibers communicate with the pineal gland--melatonin released
40
what is the filter of movement and how does it work
the basil nuclei/ganglia is the filter of output from the motor cortex it communicates with the diencephalon and the cerebellum to make smooth motor movement
41
what are the three functional parts of the cerebellum and what do they do
Vestibulocerebellum: controls balance and eye movement pontocerebellum: planning and initiation of movement Spinocerebellum: synergy, which is control of rate, force, range and direction of movement
42
What inhibits and excited Basil Nuclei/Ganglia What does it consist of
Inhibitory: Gaba Excitatory: dopamine allow for plan and execution of smooth movements consists of: striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra
43
Huntington's Chorea
Choreaform jerky, uncontrolled hyperkinetic movement and demntia "purposeless movement" gaba neuron autoimmune attack
44
Parkinson's
Damage to substantia nigra (dopaminergic system) decreased dopamine festinating gait, cog-wheel rigidity, pill-rolling resting treamor
45
ALS/ Lou Gerhigs Disease
Loss of both lower and upper motor neurons -mixed presenatition death following respiratory complication 10% autosomal DOMINANT
46
Encephalitis
focal neurological deficit infx of brain itself headache persists even as systemic SX
47
Meningitis
Infection of the meninges
48
Most common organisms to cause bacterial meningitits
E. Coli H.flu Meningococcus
49
Most common organisms to cause brain abscess
Strep and Staff increased risk in orbital infections
50
What is tabes dorsalis associated with
Neurospyhilis destroying dorsal roots, impaired sensation and ataxia, absent DTR
51
what can cause encephalitis
Togaviridae (bird reservoir not horse) Measles, mumps, chicen pox, rubella = autoimmune encephalitis HSVI and II
52
poliomyelitis
Poliovirus non-soecific gastroenteritis, flaccid paralysis
53
What are two types of neuroglial tumors what are the difference?
Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma glioblastoma is a grade 4 astrocytoma grade 3 is malignant, 1 +2 benign
54
Where do brain tumors tend to occur in adults? Children?
Adults: above tentorium cerebelli children: below tentorium
55
What is the most common primary brain tumor of adults
glioblastoma multiforme Tumor of the astrocytes that is high grade and no longer like the parent tissue, very aggressive
56
Acoustic neuroma is what cranial nerve
CN8
57
what is meniers like syndrome and what is it associated with
Acoustic neruoma vertigo, nausea vomitting
58
What is von recklinghausens
Neurofibromatosis, autosomal dominant and mutations
59
Autoimmune demyelination in the CNS what dz and sx
Multiple sclerosis Glove and stocking parasthesia, optic neuritis
60
Ascending paralysis that is self limiting after a viral illness
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Acute idiopathic polyneuritis, polyradiculoneuropathy + gouers sign, walk up theighs to stand up
61
what bug causes descending paralysis
botulism
62
axonal reaction
axon damaged, cell body enlarges, becomes ascentric and increases protein synthesis
63
Red neurons
acute necrosis of neurons, changes before death of neuron
64
cowdry bodies think
herpes
65
negri bodies think
rabies
66
What syndrome do you get with thiamine B 1 deficiency due to alcoholism, what does it lead to
Wenicke-Korsakoff SYNDROME confabulations, no short term memory they make everything up but dont mean to encephalopathy due to Thiamine deficiency
67
Pellegra
Niacin deficiency 4 D's: Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death
68
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Macrocytic anemia Degeneration of spinal cord (spasticity, weakness, dementia, loss of proprioception) some PNS symptoms not cured by folate supplementation
69
Diffuse cortical atrophy, neurofibillary tangles
Alzheimers dizsease
70
Dementia
clinically finding not a disease
71
Where are plaques in alzheimers
Senile plaques in cortex abnormal tau protein laden nerve processes, microglia, astrocytes
72
What are the three lysosomal storage disease
Tay-sachs Hyrlers Pompes
73
what diesase has deficicnecy in hexoaminidase A enzyme and what does that cause
Tay-Sachs neurodegenerative disorder that leads to inability to catabolize GM 2 gangliosides get dementia siezures parylisis and death by age 4
74
what disease can you not degrade mucopolysaccharides
Hurker's happens peripherally Retarded growth, skeletal deformities death by 6-10yo
75
What disease has alpha-glucosidase deficiency
Pompe's Can make glycogen but can not break it down get muscular build up like cardiomegaly
76
What disease results from deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase what happens
PKU autosomal recessive nromal at birth but build up phenylallanine and get mental retarded since they cant convert it to tyrosine
77
What disease has toxic levels of copper storage what is the pathoneumonic finding
Wilson's Disease Toxic levels of copper storage leading to kaiser-fleisher rings in the eye, liver and brain
78
What disease is caused by inborn enzyme deficienies that create abnormal myelin
Leukodystrophies

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