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Endocrinology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A

the making of an egg

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2
Q

What is a polar body?

A

One of two products in the first stage of meiosis

Signanfies sperm entry and the start of meiotic division

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3
Q

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

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4
Q

How long is the average menstura cycle?

A

28 days

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5
Q

What stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

A

GnRH

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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6
Q

What does follicular stimulating hormone do?

A

Stimulates follicular development

Thickens endometrium

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7
Q

What doe luteinising hormone do?

A

Peak stimulates ovulation

stimulats corpus luteum development

thickens endometrium

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8
Q

What organs secrete oestrogen?

A

mostly ovaries but also the adrenal cortex and the placenta

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9
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Mautration of ovarian follicles

Responible for healthy cervical mucus

mildly accelerates sodium and water reabsoption of kidney tubules

Responsible for secondary sex characterisitcs

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10
Q

What happens when levels of ostrogen are high?

A

inhibits secretion of FSH and Prolactin

LH secretion is stimulated

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11
Q

What does low oestrogen concentration cause and when does it occour? (physiologically)

A

Low oestrogen concentration after prenancy stimulates secretion of prolactin

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12
Q

What secrets progesterone?

A

corpus luteum

Placenta

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13
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Increases basal body temp

relaxes smooth muscles

is responsible for infertile mucus

maintains thickness of endometrium

maintains pregnancy

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14
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

FSH stimulates follicular development

Dominant follicle develops increasing amounts of follicular fluid containing estrogen

Estrogen stimulates thickening of endometrium

Increase in serum estrogen suppresses secretion of FSH

LH stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum

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15
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

Cavity of ruptured follicle is replaced by corpus luteum

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen

Progestrone prepares endometium for implanation and maintains endometrium in early pregnancy

If fertilisation does not occur the corpus luteum begins to regress

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16
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase

A

Corpus luteum degenerates

Endometrium degenerates and menstration occurs

Drop in blood levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulates production of FSH and a new cycle begins

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17
Q

What is the route sperm must take before leaving the male body?

A

testes

epididymis

vas deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

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18
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occour ?

A

Within the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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19
Q

What does LH do in the male?

A

Acts on leydig cells regulating testosterone secretion

20
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

Acts on Sertoli cells to enchance spermatogenesis

21
Q

What is the tail of a sperm cell called?

A

Cilium

22
Q

What does olihomenorrhea mean?

A

Reduction in frequency of periods to less than 9/yr

23
Q

What is primary of amenorrhea?

A

Failure of menarche by the age of 16 years

24
Q

What is secondary amenorrhea?

A

Cessation of periods for >6 months in an individual who has previously menstruated

25
Q

What are common causes of primary amenorrhea?

A

Turner’s syndrome or Kallman’s syndrome

26
Q

What are the causes of secondary amenorrhea?

A

Ovarian problems

Uterine problems

Hypothalamic dysfunction

Pituitary

27
Q

What should be investigated in cases of amenorrea?

A

LH, FSH, Thyoid, Prolactin

28
Q

How is hyogonadism indentified in females?

A

Low levels of oestrogen

29
Q

What is primary hypogonadism?

A

Problem with the ovaries

so high LH/FSH but low oestrogen

30
Q

What is secondary hypogonadism?

A

Problem with hypothalamus or pituitary

So low Lh/FSH and low oestrogen

31
Q

What is premature ovarian failure?

A

Amenorrhea, oestrogen deficiency and elevated gonadotrophins occuring <40 years of age

32
Q

What is kallman’s syndrome?

A

Genetic disorder characterised by loss of GnRH secretion with anosmia

33
Q

What causes hirsutism?

A

Androgen excess at hair follicle

34
Q

What enzyme is usually involved in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

21 gamma hydroxylase deficiency

35
Q

How do you treat PCOS?

A

Conrtaceptive pill

36
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

LH surge

37
Q

What is used to induce ovulation?

A

Clomifene citrate

38
Q

What happens in twin-twin transfusion syndrome?

A

one twin takes up all the nutrients and space

39
Q

What is the difference between monochorionic and dichorionic twins

A

monochorionic twins come from the same morulla

Dichorionic twins come from two seperate morullas

40
Q

What is the definition of infertility?

A

Failure to achieve a clincial pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.

41
Q

When is the best time to have sex in order to concieve ?

A

two days before ovulation

42
Q

WHat are the endocrine features of Polycystic ovary syndrome?

A
43
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for polysystic ovary syndrome?

A

socre 2 out of three:

Chronic anovulation

polycystic ovaries

hyperandrogenism

44
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Presence of endometrial glands outside the uterine cavity

45
Q

How can you test for ovulation?

A

Midluteal progesterone level (day 21/28)

progesterone >30nmol/L is suggestive of ovulation

46
Q

How do you induce ovulation in PCOS?

A
  1. Clomifene citrate + Metformin
  2. Gonadotrophin therapy: daily injections
  3. Laparoscopic ovarian diathermy

Ovarian drilling

47
Q

What diseases make people infertile ?

A

Chlamydia

rubella

Endocrinology (19 decks)

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