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Endocrinology > Insulin production, secretion and action > Flashcards

Insulin production, secretion and action Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Loss of Glucose Homeostasis leading to hyperglycaemia

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2
Q

What does the statement “ the release of insulin is biphasic” mean?

A

It comes in two waves

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3
Q

What is happening top right?

A

Increased ATP inhhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channels

Blocks potassium exiting the cell

Cell depolerisation

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4
Q

What cells are found within the islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha cells

Beta Cells

Delta cells

PP cells

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5
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the phsophorylisation of Glucose?

A

Glucokinase

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6
Q

What do alpha pancreatic cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

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7
Q

What are the risk factors for Type 2 diabetes

A

Fat poncho

Family history

Age

Asian or African

Phx of stroke/MI

antipsychotics

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8
Q

What does mellitus mean?

A

Honey

Sweet

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9
Q

Which cells secrete glucagon?

A

Pancreatic Alpha cells

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10
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Group of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretions, insulin action or both

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11
Q

What is this?

A

Islet of Langerhans

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12
Q

What is Type 4 diabetes?

A

Any degree of glucose intolerance arising or diagnosed around pregnancy

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13
Q

What is an insulin receptor?

A

Dimeric tyrosine kinase

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14
Q

What does diabetes mean?

A

Insufficient insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis

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15
Q

What is happening bottom right?

A

Increase in calcium ion concentration leads to the fusion of secretory vescles and the release of insulin

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16
Q

What is the Disease mechanisim for type 1 diabetes?

A

Auto immune disorder leading to destruction of insuling producing cells ( Beta cells within the islet of langerhans)

17
Q

What is the normal blood glucose ?

A

4-6 millimoles per litre

4 is the floor

18
Q

Which cells secret insullin?

A

Pancreatic beta cells

19
Q

How does Diabetes Mellius present?

A

Thirst

Polyuria

Thrush

Fatigue

Blurred vision

infections

20
Q

What is happening bottom right?

A

Depolarisation of the cell membrane results in opening of

voltage-gated caclium ion channels

21
Q

How do insluin receptors work?

A

binding of insulin to the extracellular alpha subunits causes the transmembrane beta subunits to phsophorylate

22
Q

What does each cell within the islet of langerhans secrete?

Alpha cells

Beta cells

Gamma cells

PP calls

A

Alpha = Glucagon

Beta = Insulin

Gamma = Somatostatin

PP cells = Pancreatic polypeptide

23
Q

Which organ produces Insulin and Glucagon?

A

Pancrease

24
Q

What is the precursor to insulin which is then cleaved to form insulin?

A

preproinsulin

25
Q

Would you find ketoacidosis in type 1 or type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1

26
Q

Which tests can be used to diagnose Diabetes?

A

Random glucose

Fasting glucose

2-hr glucose in OGTT
HbA1c

27
Q

What is hbA1c?

A

Glycated haemoglobin

gives an idea of glucose control over the last 3 months

28
Q

What is the by product of preproinsulin clevage and why is it useful?

A

Connecting (C) peptide

Can be measure to monitor insulin production

29
Q

What do pancreatic beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

30
Q

What is type 3 diabetes?

A

Diabetes secondry to pancreatic or endocrine disease

or medication

31
Q

Which part of pancreatic beta cells produce the insulin?

A
32
Q

What is happening top left?

A

Glucose enters the beta cell through GLUT2 glucose transporter

Get phosphorylated by Glucokinase.

Produces ATP

33
Q

What does the sulphonylurea class of drugs do?

A

Stops the potassium ATP pump

Increasing insulin production

34
Q

What does diazoxide do?

A

Stimulates the potassium ATP pump inhibitting insulin secretion

35
Q
A

Endocrinology (19 decks)

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