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Physiology 2 > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

adult testis are composed of 2 things?

A

coiled seminiferous tubules with epithilial sertoli cells and stages of spermatogenesis
AND interstitial space between tubules with leydig cells

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2
Q

leydig cells produce what?

A

androgen / testosterone

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3
Q

sertoli cells have what to form a barrier restricting passage of the substances in blood and lymph

A

intercellular tight junctions

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4
Q

tight juctions provide what?

A

blood testis barrier

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5
Q

where are tight junctions found?

A

interstitial area and basal region of tubules

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6
Q

what can the tight junctions do?

A

they can open up allowing spermatogoniums to go through

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7
Q

germ cells remain —(daughter cells stay together)— all the all the way to the release of spermatozoon

A

syncytial

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8
Q

3 stages of spermatogenesis

A
  • mitotic proliferation
  • meiosis
  • spermiogenesis
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9
Q

mitotic proliferation, where does it occur,

what does it produce and by what process?

A

occurs in the basal compartment of tubules
producing primary spermatocytes from spermatogonia
by repeated syncytial cell division

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10
Q

meiosis, what happens and where do they migrate and by what?

A

primary spermatocytes replicate DNA
migrate across sertoli cell junctions
by transiently opening then, to reach lumen of tubules

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11
Q

meiosis, what do spermatocytes (X X) undergo, then what happens to them

A

crossing over between homologues chromosome segments
then meiosis 1 forming secondary spermatocytes (X)
which then divides again in meiosis 2 to form round spermatids (I)

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12
Q

spermiogenesis

A

cytoplasmic remodelling to form spermatozoa

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13
Q

Cytoplasmic remodeling, acrosome

A

formed by golgi comprises a vesicle of hydrolytic enzymes to digest surface of egg

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic remodeling, nucleus

A

contains remodeled chromatin in compact packaged form.

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15
Q

Cytoplasmic remodeling, midpiece

A

generated by fusion of mitochondria as a compact power station

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16
Q

what happens to the superflurous cytoplasm

A

it is left behind upon release of spermatozoon as residual body
this is phagocytosed by sertoli cells

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17
Q

what does androgen and testosterone go

A

they enter the lympth
blood
and seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

sertoli cells convert testosterone to

A

dihydrotestosterone (more active)

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19
Q

what does androgen do

A

stimulates rate of spermatogenesis in testies

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20
Q

how is androgen stimulated

A

pituitary gland releases LH which binds to LH receptors on leydig cells

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21
Q

pituitary gland releasing FSH does what

A

also stimulates androgen

22
Q

where are the oocytes released into

A

the ampulla of fallopian tube

23
Q

what do primordial follicles grow to form

A

preantral follicles with enlarge oocyte containing germinal vesicle and outer coat

24
Q

what do the zona pellucida and granulosa cells do

A

they proliferate into multiple layers with outer theca

25
Q

preantral follicles form

A

antral follicles containing folliclular fluid secreted by granulosa cells

26
Q

oocytes are associated to granulosa cells by

A

cumulus oophorus linked by stalk of cells to peripheral granulosa cells

27
Q

follicular fluid divides the granulosa cells

A

by associating the cumulus oophorus and other granulosa cells

28
Q

what hormone stimulates primordial - preantral follicle formation

A

not known

29
Q

what hormone stimulates preantral to antral follicle formation

A

Gonadotrophin control

30
Q

Gonadotrophin control, what happens

what on what receptors

A

LH and FSH from pituitary stimulate antral follicle development
lh receptors on theca
fsh receptors on granulosa cells

31
Q

what does lh stimulate

A

thecal cells stimulating androgen formation

32
Q

fsh stimulates what

A

granulosa cells inducing their capacity to convert thecal androgen into oestrogen

33
Q

what does oestrogen stimulate

A

granulosa cells proliferation via oestrogen receptors

34
Q

what is the positive feed back mechanism with oestrogen

A

oestrogen stimulates granulosa cells to produce more oestrogen

35
Q

combination of oestrogen surge and fsh induces

A

expression of LH receptor on the outer granulosa cells as well as on the theca cells

36
Q

what else does the oestrogen surge cause

A

a LH surge from the pituitary

37
Q

expanded antral follicle with LH receptors on both theca and granulosa cells can do what

A

receive LH surge to receive preovulatory growth phase

38
Q

if there is not LH surge the follicles

A

die

39
Q

peovulatory growth, LH surge causes

A

oocyte maturation, resumes meiosis 1 division to secondary oocyte and polar body
arrested at metaphase at meiosis 2

40
Q

peovulatory growth, what does the oocyte cytoplasm produce

A

cortical granules containing enzymes required for fertilisation

41
Q

peovulatory growth, oocyte response to LH are

A

mediated indirectly through granulosa cell signals which have a LH receptor

42
Q

peovulatory growth, follicle cells increase what

A

they increase substantially the secretion of follicular fluid

43
Q

peovulatory growth, in the thecal periphery of follicle expansion is accompanied by

A

loosening of matrix

44
Q

peovulatory growth, outer granulosa cells no longer

A

convert androgens to oestrogen but instead they synthesis progesterone
and become insensitive to oestrogen and FSH

45
Q

peovulatory growth, ovulation occurs from what

A

due to follicular fluid pressure

46
Q

peovulatory growth, cumulus mass with oocyte accumulate in ampulla of oviduct

A

this is where fretilisation occurs

47
Q

after ovulation what happens to the follicles

A

they are converted into corpus luteum, with granulosa cells growing into large lutein cells

48
Q

corpus luteums secrete what

A

progesterone requires to maintain pregnancy

49
Q

after 2 weeks what happens to the corpus luteum

A

luteolysis occurs (cell death of corpus luteum) caused by prostaglandin secretionfrom the uterus

50
Q

control of follicle maturation and ovulation, regulated by FSH stimulation

A

can increase the number of follicles recruited for maturation

51
Q

in humans what happens to one follicle

what regulates it

A

it becomes the dominant follicle which completes pre ovulation growth and can ovulate in response to LH surge
this may be controlled by cytokines and insulin like growth factors.

52
Q

ovarian cycle

A

interval between successive ovulation, comprising follicular and luteal phase, separated by ovulation itself

Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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