Communication

Question 0

Paracrine signal

Answer 0

Are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells

Question 1

Autocrine signal

Answer 1

Act on the same cell that secretes the signal

Question 2

How do paracrine signals work?
1.
2.
3.And a eg

Answer 2

1. Diffuse across interstitial fluid
2. Because diffusion is a limiting factor they only reach adjacent cells
3. Histamine

Question 3

Neurocrine

Answer 3

Any molecule secreted by a nerve cell

Question 4

Neurotransmitter

Answer 4

A chemical released by a neuron that influences the neurons target cells

Question 5

Neuromodulator

Answer 5

Chemicals that later the response of a neuron more slowly then neurotransmitters

Question 6

Neurohormone

Answer 6

A hormone that is produced and secreted by a neuron

Question 7

Cytokines what do they control

Answer 7

Cell development
Cell differentiation
The immune response

Question 8

What makes cytokines different from hormones

Answer 8

They are not produced by specialised cells

Made on demand

Question 9

Signal transduction

Answer 9

The transmission of info from one side of a membrane to the other using membrane proteins

Question 10

G proteins are receptors for

Answer 10

Hormones
Growth factors
Neurotransmitters

Question 11

Inactive G proteins are bound to

Answer 11

GDP

Question 12

To activate G proteins they

Answer 12

Exchange a GDP for a GTP

Question 13

What are G proteins linked to

Answer 13

Amplifier enzymes

Question 14

And what are the most common amplifiers

Answer 14

Adenylyl cyclase

Phospholipid c

Question 15

What is a trimeric G protein

Answer 15

Alpha beta gamma subunits

Alpha had a GDP attached to it as rest

Question 16

What happens to activated G protein trimeric subunits

Answer 16

Binding of ligand cause GTP to be gained on the alpha subunit
This results in the alpha subunit leaving the beta gamma complex

Question 17

In beta adrenergic receptors what does the alpha subunit do

Answer 17

Activates adenylate cyclase

Which converts ATP to cAMP

Question 18

What does cAMP do

Answer 18

It binds to regulatory subunit of protein kinase A releasing that active catalytic subunit

Question 19

What happens when ach binds to muscarinic ach receptors

Answer 19

It activates phospholipid c hitch converts the membrane phospholipid into 2 lipid derived secondary messengers

Question 20

Which 2 secondary messengers are produced by phospholipid c

Answer 20

Diacylglycerol

Inositol trisphosphate

Question 21

What does diacylglycerol do

Answer 21

It is non polar and interacts with protein kinase c …….

Question 22

What does inositol trisphosphate do

Answer 22

Binds to ca channels on the ER

Opens them allowing ca to diffuse out

Question 23

What do integrins do

Answer 23

Mediate blood clotting
Wound repair
Cell adhesion 
Recognition in the immune response 
Cell movement in development

Question 24

What are integrins attached too

Answer 24

Cytoskeleton via anchor proteins

Question 25

What does binding cause the integrins to do

Answer 25

Activates intracellular enzymes or alter the organisation of the cytoskeleton

Question 26

What is inositol triphosphate

Answer 26

Water soluble- that leaves the membrane and enters the cytoplasm