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Physiology 2 > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity

A

no memory response, non specific

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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

memory response

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3
Q

T lymphocyte and B

A

thymus

bursa of fabricus

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4
Q

polymorphisms

A

DNA sequence differences

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5
Q

a part of the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria triggers an inflammatory response

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

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6
Q

phagocytosis involves, attachment between macrophage and target (cell surface receptor)
5 answers + what they bind to

A

mannose receptor-binds to mannose residues on pathogen
glycan receptor binds to polysaccharides
scavenger receptor recognizes sialic acid
TLR (toll like receptor) binds to LPS
complement receptor recognise several structures

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7
Q

bacterial killing mechanisms

using NADPH and NADPH oxidase

A

oxygen radicals- producing O2-

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8
Q

O2- reacts with OH- OH* to form

A

H2O2

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9
Q

phagocye killing is initiated ——

A

once the phagocytic vacuole fuse with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome

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10
Q

pagolysosome contains

A

oxygen radical
NO pathway
chlorine products

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11
Q

HO- or * are very

A

toxic and are produced from heterolytic fission of H2O2 by Fe

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12
Q

NO regulated blood pressure and neuronal function enos and nNos are ——– and iNOS is———

A

ca dependent

ca independent

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13
Q

O2 + L-arginine ——–(iNOS)——–

A

NO + citrulline

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14
Q

NO can react with O2- to form

A

highly reactive peroxynitrite powerful oxidant

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15
Q

first stage of macrophage activity involves

A

toll like receptors

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16
Q

TLR release what

A

Prostaglandins
platelet activiting factor
cytokine

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17
Q

PGs are lipid based from

A

arachidonic acid

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18
Q

3 important cytokines released

A

interleukin 1 and 8

TNF(alpha)

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19
Q

TNF(alpha), PAF and PG act on what

A

vascular endothelium to increase permiability

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20
Q

IL 1 and TNF(alpha) also act on

and what do they cause

A

endothelial cells to transcriptionally cause adhetion molecules to be expressed on neutrophils and monocytes to bind and leave the blood steam and enter the place of infection

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21
Q

neutophils and monocytes bind to infection which starts

A

removal by phagocytosis

22
Q

what will happen if the infection is not removed quickly

A

cytokines in the blood will rise affecting the brain and liver, leading to systemic response, the acute response phase

23
Q

brain IL1 causes

A

fever and loss of appetite

24
Q

cytokine IL-6

A

stimulates hepetocytes to release acute phase protein

25
Q

1.5-5 increase in cytokines

A

fibrinogen (clotting blood)

haptoglobulin (binds haem)

26
Q

100-1000 fold increase

A

SAA- inhibits fever and platelet activation

phospholipid c

27
Q

what are interferons and what do they do

A

they are cytokines that inhibit viral replication with infected cells

28
Q 
INF (alpha) and (beta) are produced by
whereas INF(gamma)
A

macrophages

lymphocytes and NK cells

29
Q

INF gamma responds to

A

macrophage releasing IL 12

acts as amplification

30
Q

antibodies are specific

A

opsonins (binding proteins)
which facilitate uptake of the immune complex
by specific receptors on the phagocyte called Fc receptors

31
Q

T lymphocytes assist recognision and toll like receptors are responsible for what

A

recognising peptide fragment on antigen

32
Q

2 light chains

A

Kappa and lambda

33
Q

region between Ch1 and CH2 contains

A

several proline molecules

and causes flexability and is called the hinge region

34
Q

antigen binding sites are found where

A

on the variable domain

formed from quaternary structure of L and H

35
Q

different antigens recognize distinct epitopes on the same protein

A

polyclonal antibodies

36
Q

chemical bonds between IG and epitope

A

weak bonds

37
Q

AB are bivalent they can do what

A

interact with 2 identical epitopes

38
Q

5 classes of Ig

DETERMINED BY STRUCTURE AND Fc DOMAIN

A 
IgA
IgE
IgM
IgD
IgG
39
Q

IgG SUBCLASS has a

while IgA SUBCLASS

A

unique function

is identical with respect to function

40
Q

antibody making cells are

wbc making cells are

A

plasma cells

B lymphocytes

41
Q

plasma cells and B lymphocytes express

A

IgM and D on their cell surface

they have identical variable domain

42
Q

each b cell will have a different

A

antigen specificity and unique epitope specificity

43
Q

antigens binding to specific B cell bound Ig molecules will initiate

A

clonal expansion of that cell

this ensures that the antibody is made for that specific antigen

44
Q

after clonal expansion B cells can

A

secrete antibodies

45
Q

opsonins

A

makes ready for phagocytosis
have IgG molecules that bind to pathogen
this binds to receptor taht recognises Fc region -Fc receptor
on binding of antigen Fc region undergoes a conformational change taht enables it to bind FcR triggering phagocytosis

46
Q

3 complement pathways

A

classical,
alternative
lectin

47
Q

if IgG and E are bound to antigen the

A

cells can recognise this and bring about extracellular killing to big to be englufed by phagocytosis

48
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

provides the environment for the development of lymphosytes

49
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

traps antigens and enables lymphocyte to interact

50
Q

haematopoiesis, all blood borne originate from

A

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

51
Q

multipotent HSC differentiates into 1 of the 2

A

myeloid progenitor cell
lymphoid progenitor cell
they loss the ability for self renewal

52
Q

MPC gives rise to

LPC gives rise to

A

progenitor of red cells

B, T, NK cells

Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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