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reproduction Flashcards

3.1 - 3.13

1
Q

3.1 what are some differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

A

sexual: 2 parents asexual: 1 parent
sexual: the gametes are produced through meiosis
asexual: doesn’t involve gametes or fertilisation
sexual: genetically different to parents
asexual: genetically identical to parent

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2
Q

3.3 describe the structure of an insect-pollinated flower how it is adapted for pollination

A

stamens: enclosed in flower so insect makes contact
position stigma: enclosed in flower for insect contact
type of stigma: sticky so pollen grains attach from insects
size of petals: large to attract insects
colour: brightly coloured to attract insects
nectaries: present - produce nectar for insects
pollen grains: larger & sticky to stick to insects

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3
Q

3.3 describe the structure of a wind-pollinated flower how it is adapted for pollination

A

stamens: exposed so wind can easily blow it away
position stigma: exposed to catch pollen blowing in wind
type of stigma: feathery to catch pollen grains
size of petals: small
colour: not brightly coloured - usually green
nectaries: not present / absent
pollen grains: smaller inflated grains to carry in wind

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4
Q

3.3 describe the structure of an insect-pollinated flower

A

sepal: protects unopened flower
petals: brightly coloured to attract insects
anther: produces & releases pollen
filaments: provides support to anther
stigma: sticky top of the female part that collects pollen
style: a tube that connects the stigma and ovary
ovary: contains the ovules
ovule: structure inside the ovary that contain female gametes

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5
Q

3.3 describe the structure of a wind-pollinated flower

A

petals: small & dull often green or brown
scent & nectar: not produced - waste of energy
anthers: held on long filaments outside the flower to release pollen grains easily into the wind
stigma: feathery stigmas outside the flower catch airborne pollen grains

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6
Q

3.7 give an example of natural asexual reproduction in plants

A

runners

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7
Q

3.7 what happens with runners during natural asexual reproduction in plants

A

side branches that grow sideways out with small plantlets at the ends
when they touch the soil, they grow roots and the new plantlets will grow and become independent from the parent plant

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8
Q

3.7 give an example of artificial asexual reproduction in plants

A

cuttings

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9
Q

3.7 what happens with cuttings during artificial asexual reproduction in plants

A

they clone the plants by taking cuttings
a section of the parent plant with a new bud is cut off
the cutting can be placed into water until new roots grow or can be placed directly into soil
sometimes the stem will be dipped into ‘rooting powder’ which contains plant growth regulators that encourage root growth
once planted, they will grow into adult plants that are genetically identical to the original plant
cheap & quick method

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10
Q

3.9 the locations for hormones OESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE and the uses?

A

OESTROGEN:
follicle in ovary
inhibits FSH production
& stimulates LH secretion
repairs / thickens lining of uterus

PROGESTERONE:
ovary (corpus lutem)
inhibits LH & FSH production
maintains the lining of uterus

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11
Q

3.9 & 3.10B how to be able to tell the hormone based on menstrual cycles graph?

A

PROGESTERONE : starts slow and takes a while but eventually goes upwards finishes at top straight line

FSH: starts medium then goes lower before going quickly higher then rounds off and goes back down again finishes below PROGESTERONE

OESTROGEN: starts slow but immediately starts going higher before taking a while to round off and eventually goes back down finishing below FSH where it started from

LH: starts in straight line low down but quickly and steeply shoots upwards HIGHEST ONE before rounding off quickly and shooting back down to previous straight line finish under OESTROGEN

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12
Q

3.10B the locations for hormones FSH & LH and the uses?

A

FSH:
pituitary gland
eggs mature&stimulated oestrogen secretion

LH:
pituitary gland
mature egg (ovum) released
& remnant of follicle becomes corpus luteum

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13
Q

3.9 & 3.10B order of hormone peaks on a graph of the menstrual cycle

A

FSH, OESTROGEN, LH THEN PROGESTERONE

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14
Q

3.11 what does the placenta enable

A

the placenta enables the exchange of substances between the mother’s blood and the fetus’ blood

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15
Q

3.11 what substances travel from the mother’s blood to the fetus

A

oxygen and nutrients such as glucose, amino acids & mineral ions

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16
Q

3.11 what substances travel from the fetus’ blood to the mother

A

carbon dioxide and urea

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17
Q

3.11 how is the placenta an efficient exchange surface

A

the placenta is an efficient exchange surface because it has a large surface area & a thin wall for diffusion

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18
Q

3.11 how does the placenta act as a barrier

A

it acts as a barrier to toxins and pathogens although not all are stopped from passing through

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19
Q

3.11 what are some toxins and pathogens that can pass through the placenta

A

nicotine and alcohol

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20
Q

3.11 what are some toxins and pathogens that can pass through the barrier of the placenta

A

virus particles can pass across the barrier

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21
Q

3.12 what is the developing embryo surrounded by

A

amniotic fluid

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22
Q

3.12 where is the amniotic fluid contained

A

it’s contained within the amniotic membrane also known as the amniotic sac

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23
Q

3.12 how does the amniotic fluid protect the developing embryo

A

by cushioning it from bumps when the mother moves around

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24
Q

3.9 & 3.10B what are the four roles in the menstrual cycle

A

oestrogen
progesterone
FSH
LH

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25
3.9 oestrogen and progesterone are involved in what
maintaining the uterus lining
26
3.9 what is involved in maintaining the uterus lining
oestrogen and progesterone
27
3.9 what is oestrogen produced by
the ovaries
28
3.9 what is progesterone produced by
an empty egg follicle called the corpus luteum inside the ovaries
29
3.9 what is the corpus luteum
an empty egg follicle that produces progesterone
30
3.9 where is the corpus luteum found
inside the ovaries
31
3.9 oestrogen does what
stimulates the uterus to develop a lining - to replace the lining lost during menstruation inhibits FSH and LH production in the pituitary gland
32
3.9 what prohibits FSH & LH production
oestrogen and progesterone
33
3.9 progesterone does what
maintains and thickens lining of the uterus inhibits FSH & LH production
34
3.10B FSH is released by what
the pituitary gland
35
3.10B what does FSH cause
an egg to start maturing in the ovary stimulates the ovaries to release oestrogen
36
3.10B where is LH released from
the pituitary gland
37
3.10B when does LH get released
from the pituitary gland when oestrogen levels have peaked
38
3.10B LH causes what
ovulation to occur and stimulates the ovary to produce progesterone
39
3.10B what stimulates progesterone production
LH
40
3.10B FSH does what
stimulates egg maturation in the follicles of the ovary stimulates follicles in the ovaries to secrete oestrogen
41
3.10B what stimulates oestrogen production
FSH
42
3.10B LH does what
at its peak stimulates ovulation - egg released results in the formation of a corpus luteum
43
3.10B LH source, role and effect
pituitary gland causes ovary to release a mature egg cell stimulates the release of an egg cell from the ovary - ovulation - and the release of progesterone
44
3.10B FSH source, role and effect
pituitary gland causes ovary to develop a mature egg cell stimulates the development of egg cells in the ovary and the release of oestrogen
45
3.1 definition of sexual reproduction
the process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote (fertilised egg cell) and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
46
3.1 key notes on sexual reproduction
requires two parent organisms gametes are produced through meiosis after fertilisation the offspring develops through mitotic cell divisions offspring are genetically different slow process
47
3.1 variation in sexual reproduction is good why
it provides a survival advantage to the population
48
3.1 definition of asexual reproduction
the process resulting in genetically identical offspring being produced from one parent
49
3.1 key notes on asexual reproduction
doesn't involve gametes or fertilisation one parent cell required offspring are genetically identical quicker
50
3.1 examples of asexual reproduction
plants bacteria through binary fission
51
3.1 why is a lack of genetic variation bad
populations are more vulnerable to disease or environmental change
52
3.1 bacteria produce exact genetic copies of themselves in a type asexual reproduction called what
binary fission
53
3.1 comparing sexual & asexual reproduction num of parent organisms type of cell division genetic similarity why genetic variation num offspring produced time taken
A: one S: two A: mitosis S: meiosis - produce gametes mitosis after fertilisation A: genetically identical S: genetically different A: mutation S: 50% DNA from parents A: large numbers S: limited numbers A: relatively fast S: relatively slow
54
3.2 gametes are produced by what
sex cells produced by meiosis
55
3.2 examples of gametes
sperm & ovum in animals pollen & ovum in plants
56
3.2 how many chromosomes do gametes have
they have 23
57
3.2 why do gametes have adaptations
to improve chances of successful fertilisation
58
3.2 what does fertilisation involves
the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo
59
3.2 adaptations of a sperm cell
tail to propel towards egg mitochondria to provide energy
60
3.2 adaptations of egg cells
energy stores to support early embryo development
61
3.2 definition of fertilisation
the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote
62
3.2 how does the zygote divide in fertilisation
by mitosis
63
3.2 why does the zygote divide by mitosis
to develop into an embryo
64
3.2 cells become specialised to do what
to perform specific functions
65
3.2 how many chromosomes does a human zygote contain
46 chromosomes 23 pairs
66
3.3 flowers are what of plants
the reproduction organs
67
3.3 what is the role of flowers
to enable gametes to come together in fertilisation
68
3.3 where are the male gametes of plants found
in pollen grains
69
3.3 where are the female gametes of plants found
in ovules
70
3.3 what is pollination
the process by which pollen is transferred from the male part of a flower to the female part of a flower
71
3.3 name the structures in an insect pollinated flower
petals anther filament style stigma ovary sepal stem receptacle
72

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