excretion Flashcards
2.70 - 2.79B
1
Q
2.71 what are the excretory products of the lungs
A
carbon dioxide
(via blood plasma)
2
Q
2.71 what are the excretory products of the kidneys
A
urea
3
Q
2.71 what are the excretory products of the skin
A
urea
4
Q
2.71 water is lost from the body in the following ways:
A
via the lungs during exhalation (breathing out)
lost from the skin as sweat (along side mineral ions and urea)
5
Q
2.72B what does the kidney do
A
it filters the blood and removes any excess materials and passes them to the bladder to be excreted
6
Q
2.72B the kidney contains millions of tiny structures called
A
nephrons
7
Q
2.72B nephrons are structures which
A
filter the blood
8
Q
2.72B what are the 3 main regions of the kidney
A
cortex, medulla and renal pelvis
9
Q
2.74B what are the 3 stages that occur in the nephron
A
ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption and water reabsorption
10
Q
2.74B the main sections in a nephron
A
bowman’s capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
11
Q
2.74B surrounding the tubule is a network of
A
capillaries with a knotted section which sits inside the bowman’s capsule
12
Q
2.74B where does the glomerulus sit
A
inside the bowmans capsule
13
Q
2.74B what shape is the bowmans capsule
A
cup shaped
14
Q
2.74B the glomerulus is a knot of
A
capillaries
15
Q
2.74B where is glucose reabsorbed
A
in the proximal first convoluted tubule
16
Q
2.74B the gates that facilitate the active transport of glucose are
A
only found in the proximal convoluted tubule
17
Q
2.74B the cells lining in the PCT have many mitochondria to
A
provide ATP (energy) for active transport
18
Q
2.74B the cells lining in the PCT have a folded membrane
A
to increase surface area
19
Q
2.74B where is water reabsorbed
A
loop of henle and collecting duct
20
Q
2.74B where are salts reabsorbed
A
loop of henle
21
Q
2.75B step1. the diameter of the efferent arteriole at the exit of the glomerulus is
A
smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole at the entrance causing a build up of pressure
22
Q
2.75B step1. the build up of pressure in the capillaries forms the
A
glomerulus
23
Q
2.75B step2. the pressure causes the smaller molecules being carried in the blood to be forced out of the capillaries and into
A
the bowman’s capsule
where they form the glomerular filtrate
24
Q
2.75B step2. small molecules like urea, glucose, amino acids, water and salts are forced
A
out the glomerulus into the bowmans capsule
25
2.75B step3. larger molecules like proteins or red blood cells are
too big to fit across the capillary wall so they stay in the blood
26
2.75B where is water reabsorbed
loop of henle & collecting duct
27
2.75B where are salts reabsorbed
loop of henle
28
2.75B where is glucose reabsorbed
proximal first convoluted
29
2.75B where is urea reabsorbed
it is NOT reabsorbed
30
2.75B what small molecules are pushed through
urea, glucose, amino acids, water and salts
31
2.75B what large molecules are too big to go through so stay in the blood
proteins and red blood cells
32
2.75B what makes up the glomerular filtrate
urea, glucose, amino acids, water and salts
33
2.77B after the glomerular filtrate enters the bowman’s capsule what's the first thing to be reabsorbed
glucose is the first substance to be reabsorbed at the proximal (first) convoluted tubule
34
2.77B selective reabsorption takes place by
active transport
35
2.77B the cells lining in the PCT have a folded membrane for
an increased surface area
36
2.77B the cells lining in the PCT have many mitochondria to
provide ATP (energy) for active transport
37
2.77B reabsorption of glucose cannot take place anywhere else in the nephron as
the gates that facilitate the active transport of glucose are only found in the proximal convoluted tubule
38
2.79B urine contains
water, urea and ions
39
2.79B if someone is diabetic their urine may contain
glucose
40
2.79B urine produced by the kidneys contains a mixture of
urea
excess mineral ions
excess water
41
2.79B small quantities of urine are usually darker yellow / orange in colour because
it contains little water and so the urea is more concentrated
42
2.79B large quantities of urine are usually pale yellow in colour
because it contains a lot of water and so the urea is less concentrated
43
2.77B where does selective reabsorption of glucose occur
in the proximal convoluted tubule
44
2.79B what produces urine
the kidneys
45
2.77B what's special about the reabsorption of glucose
its selectively reabsorped
46
2.70 within plant cells there are a range of ... reactions taking place producing ... products
metabolic reactions
producing waste products
47
2.70 some waste products in plants are used up but others must exit the plant via
the leaf organ
48
2.70 waste products / substances in excess inside the plant are
oxygen, carbon dioxide, water / water vapour, other unwanted chemical substances
49
2.70 oxygen and carbon dioxide are both what in plants
reactants and waste products
50
2.70 what are both reactants and waste products in plants
oxygen and carbon dioxide
51
2.70 what affects the waste products within plants
the intensity of light
52
2.70 during the day when there is sufficient light what happens inside the plant
the rate of photosynthesis is higher than the rate of respiration
more oxygen is released than used in respiration
less carbon dioxide is released than used in photosynthesis
net effect - oxygen is in excess & a waste products
53
2.70 during the night when there is insufficient light what happens inside the plant
there is no photosynthesis, only respiration
oxygen is used in respiration and carbon dioxide is produced
no photosynthesis means that no carbon dioxide is used
net effect - carbon dioxide is in excess and a waste product
54
2.70 what happens to the gas in excess
it diffuses out of the plant via the leaf organ
the gases exit through the stomata
55
2.70 where do the gases in excess diffuse out of the plant
through the stomata
56
2.70 as the excretion of gases in plants occurs via diffusion it is technically
not an active process
57
2.70 the majority of water vapour lost from a plant is not
not a waste product of metabolism
58
2.70 what is the majority of water vapour lost from a plant
water that has been drawn up from the roots in the transpiration stream
59
2.70 excretion in plants in the night:
carbon dioxide is excreted at night when the rate of respiration exceeds the rate of photosynthesis
water vapour is excreted through transpiration
60
2.70 excretion in plants in the day:
oxygen is excreted in the day when the rate of photosynthesis exceeds the rate of respiration
water vapour is excreted through transpiration
61
2.70 plant cells can do what to molecules
break them down
62
2.70 plant cells can break down molecules into
chemical substances no longer required by the plant
63
2.70 some of the substances in the plant cannot
be converted into another useful compound and so must be removed from the plant
64
2.70 some of the substances in the plant must be removed from the plant because
they cannot be converted into another useful compound
65
2.70 chemical waste materials in the plant are stored where
in the dying tissues of a plant
66
2.70 when the dying tissues of a plant filled with chemical waste materials falls off
the substances are removed
(in autumn leaves fall as different colors)
67
2.73B two functions of the urinary system are
to filter waste products from the blood and expel it from the body as urine
to control the water levels of the body
(osmoregulation)
68
2.73B the urinary system consists of
two kidneys joined to the bladder by two tubes called the ureters
69
2.73B in another tube the urethra does what
the carries urine from the bladder to outside the body
70
2.73B each kidney is connected to what
the renal artery which comes from the aorta and delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney
the renal vein which delivers the deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the vena cava
71
2.73B what are the structures in the urinary system
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
72
2.73B explain the kidney
two beam-shaped organs that filter the blood
73
2.73B explain the ureter
tube connecting the kidney to the bladder
74
2.73B explain the bladder
organ that stores urine as it is produced by the kidney
75
2.79B what is urine
excess water, salts and urea
76
2.73B explain the urethra
tube that connects the bladder to the exterior - where urine is released
77
2.79B what does water contain
water, urea and salts
78
2.76B what is reabsorbed when the filtrate drips through the loop of henle
necessary salts
79
2.76B where are necessary salts reabsorbed
in the loop of henle
80
2.76B how necessary salts reabsorbed
by diffusion and active transport
81
2.76B as salts are reabsorbed in the loop of henle, what follows
water by osmosis
82
2.76B how does water get reabsorbed into the blood
by osmosis
83
2.76B water follows what as it is absorbed back in the blood
water follows salts being reabsorbed
84
2.76B where is water reabsorbed
some in the loop of henle but most in the collecting duct
85
2.76B water is reabsorbed in the collecting duct in different amounts why
depending on how much water the body needs at that time
86
2.76B when ADH is released what happens in relation to water reabsorption
the permeability increases when permeability increases more water is absorbed
87
2.76B where does water reabsorption occur
along the nephron tubules in the kidney
88
2.76B why is water reabsorption important
its important for osmoregulation
89
2.76B the control of water reabsorption by the tubules is an example of
negative feedback
(when the feedback causes the corrective measures to be turned off so returns the system to its original / normal level)
90
2.76B water is reabsorbed back into the blood stream by what process
renal tubular reabsorption
91
2.76B where does renal tubular reabsorption take place
in the renal tubules which are small tube-like structures in the kidneys
92
2.76B what are renal tubules
small tube-like structures in the kidneys
93
2.76B what does diuresis mean
flow of urine from the body
94
2.76B what does antidiuresis mean
producing less urine
95
7.76B what happens when the loss of is detected
it is detected by receptor cells in the hypothalamus situated above the pituitary gland
the cells are sensitive to the concentration of the blood
so the pituitary gland releases more ADH
the ADH travels in the blood to the kidneys
at the kidney tubules the collecting ducts become more permeable to water
so more water is reabsorbed
96
2.76B any change in water level of the blood is detected by what
the hypothalamus
97
2.76B what is negative feedback
change in conditions of the body is detected
process is started to return body to normal
when body is normal
corrective process is switched off
98
2.76B what does the hypothalamus do when it detects a change to the water level
it sends a signal to the pituitary gland in the brain
99
2.78B what does the pituitary gland release
a hormone called ADH
100
2.76B what does the pituitary gland release
a hormone called ADH
101
2.76B how much ADH is released depends on
how much the kidneys need to reabsorb from the filtrate
102
7.68B ADH affects what
the permeability of the tubules to water
103
2.78B what is the role of ADH
it affects the permeability of the kidney tubules / the collecting duct of the kidney nephron
more water reabsorbed - less water excreted
104
2.76B if the water content is too high
the pituitary gland in the brain releases less ADH which leads to less water being reabsorbed in the collecting ducts of the kidney by osmosis (the collecting ducts become less permeable to water)
as a result, the kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine
105
2.76B if the water content is too low
the pituitary gland releases more ADH which leads to more water being reabsorbed in the collecting ducts of the kidney by osmosis (the collecting ducts become more permeable to water)
as a result, the kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine
