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PHARM 204 (Final) > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Males have more of which sex hormone

A

Androgen
- Still have Progesterone and Estrogen

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2
Q

Females have more of which sex hormone

A

Progesterone and Estrogen
- Still have androgens

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3
Q

Function of Accessory Reproductive Organs

A

Reproductive Tract: Transport gametes
Glands: Secrete fluids into reproductive tract

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4
Q

srY gene

A

Sex Determining Region of Y Chromosome

srY gene present: Testes
srY gene absent: Ovaries

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5
Q

Embryo vs Fetus

A

Embryo = First 2 months
Fetus = After 2 months

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6
Q

How long is the embryo sexually indifferent?

A

First two weeks

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7
Q

Sex Differentiation (srY Present)

A
  1. Codes for Testis-Determining Factor
  2. Testes Develop
  3. Testes secretes:
    - Testosterone: Stimulate Wolffian duct development
    - MIH: Degeneration of Mullerian ducts
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8
Q

Sex Differentiation (No srY Present)

A
  1. No Testes
  2. Absent of Hormones:
    - Wolffian Ducts regress
    - Mullerian Ducts continue to develop
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9
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Sperm Production

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10
Q

Leydig Cells

A

AKA Interstitial Cells

Secrete Testosterone

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11
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

AKA Nurse Cells

Support Sperm Development
- Secretes stuff

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12
Q

What do Sertoli Cells secrete

A

Androgen-Binding Protein
- Maintains steady level of androgens in lumen

Inhibin
- Negative feedback of FSH

MIS
- Prevents Mullerian Duct

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13
Q

Sertoli Cells are the target of what

A

FSH and Testosterone

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14
Q

Scrotum

A

Houses testes, outside of body
- Provides cooler development for sperm development

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15
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Secrete: Alkaline Fluid
- Neutralizes acidic vagina

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16
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Secrete: Citrate, Zn, Enzyme
- Help carry sperm

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17
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A

Secrete: Viscous Fluid with mucus
- Lubricant

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18
Q

FSH Function

A

Stimulate gametogenesis and inhibin release (Negative Feedback)
- Targets Sertoli Cells

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19
Q

LH

A

Stimulates androgen secretion by Leydig Cells

20
Q

Head of Sperm

A

Chromosomes
Acrosome
- Enzymes required to penetrate and fertilize egg

21
Q

Midpiece of Sperm

A

Mitochondria (Produces ATP)

22
Q

Tail of Sperm

A

Whiplike motions to propel sperm
- Uses ATP

23
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Sertoli Cells when stimulated undergo spermatogenesis to become mature cells

Sertoli Cells = Basement Membrane

Mature Cells = Lumen

24
Q

Movement of Sperm

A

Seminiferous Tubules (Produced)

Rete Testis

Efferent Ductules

Epididymis (Acquires motility here)

Vas Deferens

25
Q

Oocyte Life Cycle

A

Follicles contain one ovum (Oocyte)

Ovum –> Granulosa –> Theca

26
Q

Follicle Life Cycle

A
  1. Primordial Follicle
  2. Primary Follicle
  3. Secondary Follicle
  4. Graafian Follicle
  5. Ovulation
27
Q

Fertilized Ovum Lifecycel

A

Zygote –> Morula –> Blastocyte

28
Q

Granulosa Cells are the target of

A

Estrogen and FSH

29
Q

Granulosa Cells secretes

A

Inhibin (Negative Feedback)
Estrogen and Progesterone

30
Q

Layers of Uterus

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

31
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outer Layer
- Epithelial Cells
- Connective Tissue

32
Q

Myometrium

A

Middle Layer
- Smooth Muscle
- Thickest Layer

33
Q

Endometrium

A

Innermost Layer
- Layer of epithelial cells
- Layer of connective tissue
- Glands to provide nutritional support for embryo

34
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Uterine Tubes / Fallopian Tubes / Oviducts

35
Q

How does ovum move through uterine tube

A

Initially: Peristalsis
Mostly: Ciliary action

36
Q

Menstrual Cycle (Two Subcycles)

A

Ovarian Cycle
Uterine Cycle

37
Q

Ovarian Cycle (Phases)

A

Follicular Phase (14 Days)
- Menstruation –> Ovulation

Luteal Phase (14 Days)
- Ovulation –> Before Next Menstruaction

38
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  1. FSH and Estrogen stimulate primordial follicle growth
  2. Oocyte grows, Granulosa cells proliferate
    - Primoradial Follicle become Primary Follicle (Preantral)
  3. Zona Pellucida develops and antrum develops
    - Primary Follicle become Secondary Follicle
  4. Dominant Follicle continues to grow
  5. Corona Radiata develops from granulosa cells and surrounds oocyte
  6. Cumulus Oophorus develops from granulosa cells to bridge Corona Radiata with follicle wall
    - Graafian Follicle = Mature Follicle
  7. GnRH surge = LH surge
  8. LH Surge triggers ovulation
  9. Wall of Graafian Follicle ruptures and oocyte is released into fimbriae
39
Q

Luteal Phase

A

Ruptured Follice becomes a gland
- Corpus Luteum

Corpus Luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone, reaches maximum activity in 10 days and then degenerates
–> Corpus Albicans
–> If oocyte is fertilized, degeneration does not occur

40
Q

When does sperm have to be introduced into female reproductive tract for fertilization to occur

A

5 Days
- Takes 4 days
- Oocyte lasts for 24 hours

41
Q

Sperm Capacitation

A

Deposited sperm can not fertilize oocyte

Capacitation
Female reproductive tract changes sperm tail movement and alters its plasma membrane

42
Q

Fertilization Events

A
  1. Sperm reaches ovum
  2. Sperm tires to get through corona radiata
  3. Sperm binds to sperm-binding protein
  4. Acrosome reacts and releases acrosomal enzymes
  5. Enzymes break through zona pellucida allowing sperm reach oocyte
43
Q

Implantation Events

A

6-7 Days after fertilization

Trophoblast (Outer layer of blastocyst):
- Secretes enzymes to digest endometrial cells to nourish the embryo
- Infiltrates endometrial tissue and develops into placenta

Trophoblast + Endometrial = Placenta

44
Q

Inhibition of Lacation

A

Progesterone
Estrogen

45
Q

Stimulation of Lactation

A

Prolactin: Production of Milk
Oxytocin: Stimulates milk ejection reflex

46
Q

Colostrum

A

Watery milk, contains proteins but few nutrients
- Produced first few days after birth

47
Q

Later Milk

A

Milk with Nutrients, Growth Factors, Hormones, Antibodies

PHARM 204 (Final) (14 decks)

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