Endocrine Flashcards by Kevin Tea

Amino Acid Derivative

Released by Adrenal Glands:
- Thyroid Hormones
- Catecholamines (Adrenaline, Noradrenaline)
Released by Pineal Glands:
- Melatonin

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Peptide Hormones

Chains of Amino Acids
Released by Pituitary Gland
- Growth Hormone
- Tyrosine-Stimulating Hormone

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Lipid Derivative

Steroid Hormones (Cholesterol Derived)
- Reproductive Hormones
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Eicosanoids (Arachidonic Acid Derived)
- Blood Clotting

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Hypothalamus Endocrine Activities

Produces ADH and Oxytocin
–> Released at Posterior Pituitary Gland
Uses regulatory hormones to regulate
–> Anterior Pituitary Gland Activity
Autonomic Centers of Hypothalamus
–> Controls of Adrenal Cortex release

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Infundibulum

Connects Hypothalamus to Pituitary Gland

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Adenohypophysis

Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Releases 7 Peptide Hormones

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Neurohypophysis

Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Releases 2 Peptide Hormones

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Anterior Pituitary (Pars Distalis)

Secretes majority of hormone

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Anterior Pituitary (Pars Intermedia)

Secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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Anterior Pituitary (Pars Tuberalis)

Wraps around part of Infundibulumq

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Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Thyrotropes)

Releases Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Corticotropes)

Release Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
Release Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(MSH)

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Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Gonadotropes)

Release Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Release Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Lactotropes)

Release Prolactin (PRL)

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Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Somatotropes)

Release Growth Hormone (GH)
- AKA Somatotropin

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FSH Function

Targets Female Ovaries
- Maturation of Oocyte
- Release of Estrogen

Targets Males Seminiferous Tubules
- Sperm Production

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LH Function

Targets Female Ovaries
- Causes ovulation
- Release of Progestin (Progesterone)

Targets Males Interstitial Cells
- Release of Estrogen
- Release of Androgens (Testosterone)

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ADH
- When is it released
- Function

Released by posterior pituitary when:
- Rise in Electrolyte Concentrations
- Fall in Blood Pressure

Function:
Kidneys Retain Water
- Prevents Dehydration
Constricts Blood Vessels
- BP goes up

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Oxytocin
- Function

Females:
- Uterine Contractions
- Mammary Glands release milk

Males:
- Smooth Muscle Contractions of Prostate Gland

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Where is the Thyroid Gland?

Anterior Side of Trachea

Inferior to Thyroid Cartilage and Cricoid Cartilage

When is TSH released?

T3 and T4 levels low
Hypothalamus releases TRH
TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release TSH
TSH stimulates Thyroid Gland to release T3 and T4

Thyroid Follicles Epithelium

Follicles are lined with Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Made up of T Thyrocytes (Follicular Cells)

T Thyrocytes

Secretes Thyroglobulin and Iodine into colloid
- Tyrosine + Iodine = Thyroglobulin (T3, T4)

Thyroid Peroxidase

Apical Side of Thyrocytes (Facing Colloid)
–> Synthesizes T3 and T4

C Thyrocytes

Produce Calcitonin Lowers Calcium Concentration in blood - Inhibit Osteoclast --> Inhibit Bone Resorption - Stimulates calcium ion excretion

Thyroid vs Parathyroid Function

Thyroid = Metabolism Parathyroid = Calcium

Parathyroid - Produces what? - Function

PTH increases blood calcium levels Oxyphil Cells - Supports PTH production

PTH Targets and Function

Bone Target: - Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium ions from bone Kidney Target: - Reduce urinary excretion of calcium ions - Stimulates kidneys to produce calcitriol --> Increase intestinal absorption of calcium ions

Location of Adrenal Cortex Location of Adrenal Medulla

Cortex = Superficial Medulla = Deep

Zona Glomerulosa

Superficial Produce Mineralocorticoids (Salt) - Aldosterone

Zona Fasciculate

Intermediate Produce Glucocorticoids (Sugar) - Cortisol

Zona Reticularis

Deep Produce Androgens (Sex)

Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)

Increase Salt reabsorption --> Water follows --> Increase BP

Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)

Promotes metabolism, formation of glycogen and glucose

Androgens

Development of Pubic Hair

Adrenal Medulla

Made up of two types of Chromaffin Cells One type produces Epinephrine Other produces Norepinephrine --> Fight/Flight (Sympathetic)

Kidney Endocrine Response (Blood Pressure)

Produce Angiotensin II: 1. Low Blood Pressure 2. Kidneys release Renin 3. Renin converts Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I 4. ACE converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II Function

- Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to release Aldosterone - Causes Blood Vessels to constrict --> Raises Blood Pressure

Kidney Endocrine Response (Calcium)

Produce Calcitriol 1. Low Calcium in Blood 2. Parathyroid Hormone targets Kidneys 3. Kidneys release calcitriol 4. Calcitriol causes Small intestines absorb calcium ions into bloodstream

Calcitriol Activation

Cholecalciferol (Vit D) converted into intermediate products in liver Liver products converted to calcitriol in kidneys

Heart Endocrine Response

ANP Production: 1. High Blood Pressure (Usually caused by high volume) 2. Right Atrium Heart Cells detect high volume 3. Heart Cells release ANP 4. ANP inhibits ADH and Aldosterone

Pancreas 2 Functions

Exocrine Function - Digestive Enzymes Endocrine Function - Pancreatic Islets (Alpha/Beta/Delta/F Cells)

Alpha Cells

Glucagon Raises Glucose Levels - Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose

Beta Cells

Insulin Lowers Glucose Levels - Increases body's absorption of glucose

Delta Cells

Somatostatin Makes body more static (Inhibits Growth) - Inhibits Glucagon Production - Inhibits Insulin Production

F Cells

Pancreatic Polypeptide Regulates production of pancreatic enzymes - Inhibits Gallbladder contractions --> Makes more bile

Pineal Gland

Contains Pinealocytes --> Makes Melatonin Hormone

Melatonin Function

Slows maturation of sperm, oocytes, reproductive organs More produced at night (Makes you sleepy) Declines during the day