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PHARM 204 (Final) > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acid Derivative

A

Released by Adrenal Glands:
- Thyroid Hormones
- Catecholamines (Adrenaline, Noradrenaline)
Released by Pineal Glands:
- Melatonin

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2
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Chains of Amino Acids
Released by Pituitary Gland
- Growth Hormone
- Tyrosine-Stimulating Hormone

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3
Q

Lipid Derivative

A

Steroid Hormones (Cholesterol Derived)
- Reproductive Hormones
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Eicosanoids (Arachidonic Acid Derived)
- Blood Clotting

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4
Q

Hypothalamus Endocrine Activities

A

Produces ADH and Oxytocin
–> Released at Posterior Pituitary Gland
Uses regulatory hormones to regulate
–> Anterior Pituitary Gland Activity
Autonomic Centers of Hypothalamus
–> Controls of Adrenal Cortex release

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5
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connects Hypothalamus to Pituitary Gland

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6
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Releases 7 Peptide Hormones

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7
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Releases 2 Peptide Hormones

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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary (Pars Distalis)

A

Secretes majority of hormone

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary (Pars Intermedia)

A

Secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary (Pars Tuberalis)

A

Wraps around part of Infundibulumq

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11
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Thyrotropes)

A

Releases Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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12
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Corticotropes)

A

Release Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
Release Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(MSH)

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13
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Gonadotropes)

A

Release Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Release Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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14
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Lactotropes)

A

Release Prolactin (PRL)

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15
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Somatotropes)

A

Release Growth Hormone (GH)
- AKA Somatotropin

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16
Q

FSH Function

A

Targets Female Ovaries
- Maturation of Oocyte
- Release of Estrogen

Targets Males Seminiferous Tubules
- Sperm Production

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17
Q

LH Function

A

Targets Female Ovaries
- Causes ovulation
- Release of Progestin (Progesterone)

Targets Males Interstitial Cells
- Release of Estrogen
- Release of Androgens (Testosterone)

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18
Q

ADH
- When is it released
- Function

A

Released by posterior pituitary when:
- Rise in Electrolyte Concentrations
- Fall in Blood Pressure

Function:
Kidneys Retain Water
- Prevents Dehydration
Constricts Blood Vessels
- BP goes up

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19
Q

Oxytocin
- Function

A

Females:
- Uterine Contractions
- Mammary Glands release milk

Males:
- Smooth Muscle Contractions of Prostate Gland

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20
Q

Where is the Thyroid Gland?

A

Anterior Side of Trachea

Inferior to Thyroid Cartilage and Cricoid Cartilage

21
Q

When is TSH released?

A
  1. T3 and T4 levels low
  2. Hypothalamus releases TRH
  3. TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release TSH
  4. TSH stimulates Thyroid Gland to release T3 and T4
22
Q

Thyroid Follicles Epithelium

A

Follicles are lined with Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Made up of T Thyrocytes (Follicular Cells)

23
Q

T Thyrocytes

A

Secretes Thyroglobulin and Iodine into colloid
- Tyrosine + Iodine = Thyroglobulin (T3, T4)

24
Q

Thyroid Peroxidase

A

Apical Side of Thyrocytes (Facing Colloid)
–> Synthesizes T3 and T4

25
Q

C Thyrocytes

A

Produce Calcitonin

Lowers Calcium Concentration in blood
- Inhibit Osteoclast –> Inhibit Bone Resorption
- Stimulates calcium ion excretion

26
Q

Thyroid vs Parathyroid Function

A

Thyroid = Metabolism
Parathyroid = Calcium

27
Q

Parathyroid
- Produces what?
- Function

A

PTH increases blood calcium levels

Oxyphil Cells
- Supports PTH production

28
Q

PTH Targets and Function

A

Bone Target:
- Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium ions from bone

Kidney Target:
- Reduce urinary excretion of calcium ions
- Stimulates kidneys to produce calcitriol
–> Increase intestinal absorption of calcium ions

29
Q

Location of Adrenal Cortex
Location of Adrenal Medulla

A

Cortex = Superficial
Medulla = Deep

30
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

A

Superficial

Produce Mineralocorticoids (Salt)
- Aldosterone

31
Q

Zona Fasciculate

A

Intermediate

Produce Glucocorticoids (Sugar)
- Cortisol

32
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

Deep

Produce Androgens (Sex)

33
Q

Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)

A

Increase Salt reabsorption
–> Water follows –> Increase BP

34
Q

Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)

A

Promotes metabolism, formation of glycogen and glucose

35
Q

Androgens

A

Development of Pubic Hair

36
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Made up of two types of Chromaffin Cells

One type produces Epinephrine
Other produces Norepinephrine
–> Fight/Flight (Sympathetic)

37
Q

Kidney Endocrine Response (Blood Pressure)

A

Produce Angiotensin II:
1. Low Blood Pressure
2. Kidneys release Renin
3. Renin converts Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I
4. ACE converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

38
Q

Angiotensin II Function

A
  • Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to release Aldosterone
  • Causes Blood Vessels to constrict

–> Raises Blood Pressure

39
Q

Kidney Endocrine Response (Calcium)

A

Produce Calcitriol
1. Low Calcium in Blood
2. Parathyroid Hormone targets Kidneys
3. Kidneys release calcitriol
4. Calcitriol causes Small intestines absorb calcium ions into bloodstream

40
Q

Calcitriol Activation

A

Cholecalciferol (Vit D) converted into intermediate products in liver

Liver products converted to calcitriol in kidneys

41
Q

Heart Endocrine Response

A

ANP Production:
1. High Blood Pressure (Usually caused by high volume)
2. Right Atrium Heart Cells detect high volume
3. Heart Cells release ANP
4. ANP inhibits ADH and Aldosterone

42
Q

Pancreas 2 Functions

A

Exocrine Function
- Digestive Enzymes
Endocrine Function
- Pancreatic Islets (Alpha/Beta/Delta/F Cells)

43
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Glucagon

Raises Glucose Levels
- Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose

44
Q

Beta Cells

A

Insulin

Lowers Glucose Levels
- Increases body’s absorption of glucose

45
Q

Delta Cells

A

Somatostatin

Makes body more static (Inhibits Growth)
- Inhibits Glucagon Production
- Inhibits Insulin Production

46
Q

F Cells

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Regulates production of pancreatic enzymes
- Inhibits Gallbladder contractions
–> Makes more bile

47
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Contains Pinealocytes
–> Makes Melatonin Hormone

48
Q

Melatonin Function

A

Slows maturation of sperm, oocytes, reproductive organs

More produced at night (Makes you sleepy)
Declines during the day

PHARM 204 (Final) (14 decks)

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