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Human Physiology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

semen is composed of what two components?

A

sperm cells, seminal plasma

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2
Q

___ structures are the ones that produce gametes (testes in males)

A

primary

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3
Q

___ structures are organs, ducts, and glands that deliver the gametes to the outside environment

A

accessory

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4
Q

____ is the process of moving semen through the reproductive tract

A

ejaculation

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5
Q

in meiosis, the parent cell is a ____ cell

A

germ

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6
Q

what process makes 4 haploid daughter cells from a parent cell?

A

meiosis

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7
Q

what is the main difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

crossing over

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8
Q

in mitosis, the parent cell is a ____ cell

A

somatic

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9
Q

what is the result of mitosis?

A

two identical cells to the parent cell

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10
Q

what testis cell supports and protects the developing sperm?

A

sertoli

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11
Q

what is the end result of spermatogenic cells?

A

become sperm cells

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12
Q

what testis cells produce testosterone?

A

leydig

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13
Q

where in the body do sperm orignate?

A

testis

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14
Q

what is the process of differentiation of spermatids into sperm cells?

A

spermiogenesis

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15
Q

____ is the process of sperm being released from sertoli cells and entering the seminiferous tubule

A

spermiation

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16
Q

what are the 2 major results of spermatogenesis?

A

four sperm cells, one reserve cell

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17
Q

what is found in the head of the sperm and what is the function?

A

enzymes, break through egg and contains genetic material

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18
Q

what is found in the midpiece of the sperm and what is the function?

A

mitochondria, produces ATP to move the tail

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19
Q

what is the role of the sperm tail?

A

movement of the sperm upon ejaculation

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20
Q

what are the 4 hormones involved in the three tier system of testosterone and inhibin?

A

GnRH, LH, FSH, testosterone

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21
Q

where is GnRH released from?

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

GnRH arrives in the ____ pituitary and stimulates the release of LH and FSH

A

anterior

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23
Q

LH is released into the bloodstream and stimulates ___ cells to produce _____

A

Leydig, testosterone

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24
Q

FSH is released into the bloodstream and stimulates ___ and ____ release from the ___ cells

A

ABP, inhibin, sertoli

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25
Q

what two hormones are necessary for sperm production?

A

testosterone, FSH

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26
Q

testosterone is a ____ protein

A

steroid

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27
Q

in what two ways does LH stimulate testosterone production?

A

increased cholesterol transport (testosterone backbone) and increased transcription of testosterone production enzymes

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28
Q

testosterone diffuses over to ____ cells and stimulates ____

A

sertoli, spermatognesis

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29
Q

how does ABP enhance spermatogenesis?

A

bind to testosterone to keep levels high in the sertoli cells

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30
Q

inhibin inhibits what hormone only?

A

FSH

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31
Q

the hypothalamus of pre-puberty males has ___ sensitivity to testosterone

A

increased

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32
Q

what is the result in the body when puberty hits and males become less sensitive to testosterone?

A

increased GnRH, LH, FSH, testosterone, and ABP

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33
Q

where do sperm go to mature and develop over a two week period?

A

epididymis

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34
Q

what are the five major secretions from the seminal vesicle?

A

citric acid, clotting enzymes, HCO3, proteolytic enzymes, seminal plasmin

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35
Q

___ ___ is used by sperm to make ATP to swim long distances to the egg

A

citric acid

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36
Q

____ ____ clot semen after ejaculation as a protective measure

A

clotting enzymes

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37
Q

_____ is protective to the sperm and neutralizes the acidic vagina

A

HCO3

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38
Q

_____ _____break down the clot of sperm

A

proteolytic enzymes

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39
Q

____ ____ is the major antibiotic of semen

A

seminal plasmin

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40
Q

the SRY gene stimulates what?

A

neutral gonandal tissue differentiation into testes

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41
Q

lack of or mutant SRY gene results in what?

A

female genetalia

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42
Q

what are the two components of the internal environment?

A

interstitial fluid, blood plasma

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43
Q

why is interstitial fluid regulated by homeostasis?

A

contents are directly influenced by plasma

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44
Q

what are the four questions to ask if something is regulated by homeostasis?

A
  1. in internal environment
  2. receptor to sense
  3. kept constant
  4. negative consequences if not kept constant
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45
Q

what are the 2 jobs of the ovaries?

A

produce eggs, secrete sex hormones

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46
Q

what is contained in a follicle?

A

oocyte

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47
Q

an ___ is an immature egg

A

oocyte

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48
Q

once an oocyte is ovulated, it is an ____

A

ovum/egg

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49
Q

______ oocytes are the ones that are capable of being ovulated

A

secondary

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50
Q

for every one oogonium, ____ ovum is made

A

one

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51
Q

why are polar bodies made during oogenesis?

A

source of nucleotides to build new cells

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52
Q

what female reproductive hormone(s) work as transcription factors?

A

estrogen, progesterone

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53
Q

what are the 3 major roles of estrogen?

A

endometrial proliferation (uterus), granulosa cell expansion (ovary), growth of breast tissue

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54
Q

what are the 3 major roles of progesterone?

A

prepares uterine tract for pregnancy, suppress myometrium contractions, inhibits milk production

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55
Q

what occurs to prepare the uterine tract for pregnancy?

A

growth and differentiation of endometrium

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56
Q

what type of cells surround the primordial follicle?

A

granulosa

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57
Q

what is the major role of inhibin?

A

regulate production of FSH via negative feedback

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58
Q

LH released into the female bloodstream stimulates the ____ cells to produce ____

A

theca, androgens

59
Q

in females, androgens diffuse to the granulosa cells and are converted into ____

A

estrogen

60
Q

once produced by theca cells, where do androgens diffuse?

A

granulosa cells

61
Q

FSH is released into the bloodstream and stimulates ___ production in females

A

estrogen

62
Q

when estrogen levels rise, ____ cells secrete ____

A

granulosa, inhibin

63
Q

what is occurring at ovulation?

A

eggs bursts out of follicle

64
Q

what is the major role of the corpus luteum?

A

keep uterus alive

65
Q

what two cells make up the corpus luteum?

A

granulosa, theca

66
Q

what phase is known as the waiting/maintence phase?

A

luteal

67
Q

what is occurring during the follicular phase?

A

develop and pick follicle to become mature and release an egg

68
Q

the follicular phase lines up with what change in the endometrium?

A

proliferative

69
Q

the luteal phase lines up with what two endometrial stages?

A

secretory, menstruation

70
Q

what are the 3 uterine events?

A

proliferation, secretory, menstruation

71
Q

in females, LH acts on what type of cells?

A

theca

72
Q

in females, FSH acts on what type of cells?

A

granulosa

73
Q

low levels of ____ stimulates the released of GnRH from the hypothalamus in females

A

estrogen

74
Q

estrogen is produced by ___ cells

A

granulosa

75
Q

estrogen from gruanulosa cells continue to rise until the spike of ___

A

LH

76
Q

___ levels of estrogen from the GC stimulates the release of GnRH

A

high

77
Q

increased GnRH results in a surge of _____ and some ____

A

LH, FSH

78
Q

what is known as the LH spike?

A

increase in LH in response to high levels of estrogen

79
Q

the ____ determines when ovulation occurs, once it is capable of producing enough estrogen

A

follicle

80
Q

ovulation marks the end of the ____ phase and start of the ___ phase

A

follicular, luteal

81
Q

what does a ruptured follicle turn into?

A

corpus luteum

82
Q

the corpus luteum secretes high levels of _____ and some ____

A

progesterone, estrogen

83
Q

____ is the hormone that promotes the endometrium converting into a gland during the luteal phase

A

progesterone

84
Q

____ is the hormone that helps with growth and maintence of the endometrium in the luteal phase

A

estrogen

85
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?

A

stay alive to produce hormones until the placenta is made

86
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

A

die and form the corpus albicans, endometrium sheds (mensuration)

87
Q

the hypothalamus of pre-puberty females is _____ sensitive to estrogen

A

highly

88
Q

why are the first menstrual periods oftentimes anovulatory?

A

estrogen is high enough to thicken endometrium, not high enough to ovulate

89
Q

what occurs to start menopause?

A

ovaries run out of follicles

90
Q

what happens to female hormone levels in menopause?

A

decrease estrogen, increase LH, FSH, GnRH

91
Q

what occurs to female hormone levels when you take hormonal contraceptives?

A

decrease estrogen (endogenous), GnRH, LH, FSH

92
Q

does ovulation occur with hormonal birth control?

A

no

93
Q

when the sperm approaches the egg, it binds to the ____ receptor on the surface

A

ZP3

94
Q

what is triggered when the sperm approaches the egg and binds to the ZP3 receptor?

A

acrosomal reaction, acrosomal contents are released onto the surface of the egg

95
Q

what occurs during the acrosomal reaction?

A

a hole dissolves in the zona pelucida, sperm enters into egg

96
Q

what occurs to block polyspermy?

A

fusion of sperm and egg

97
Q

this type of twin occurs with 2 eggs and 2 sperm and are non-identical

A

dizygotic

98
Q

this type of twin occurs with one egg and one sperm and are identical

A

monozygotic

99
Q

the ___ ____ is what prevents polyspermy

A

cortical reaction

100
Q

what occurs to harden to zona pellucida and prevent other sperm from fusing with the egg?

A

depolarization of the oocyte

101
Q

what occurs to prevent any more sperm from binding and entering the egg?

A

deactivation of remaining ZP3 receptors?

102
Q

once the egg is fertilized, it immediately initiates what?

A

the cortical reaction

103
Q

what are the two components of the cortical reaction?

A

deactivation of ZP3 receptors, depolarization of the oocyte

104
Q

_____ forms the outside shell of the blastocyst and eventually becomes the placenta

A

trophoblast

105
Q

___ ____ ____ is located internally in the blastocyst and eventually becomes the embryo

A

inner cell mass

106
Q

by day 5 of embryo development, what is occurring?

A

polarization of cells, they start to organize and form structures

107
Q

where does embryo implantation occur?

A

uterine wall

108
Q

where does the egg meet the sperm?

A

fallopian tube

109
Q

what hormone makes the endometrium rich in glycogen and blood vessels?

A

progesterone

110
Q

what hormone is secreted by blastocytes?

A

HCG

111
Q

why are proteolytic enzymes released during implantation?

A

break down uterine wall to gain access to blood source

112
Q

____ is the process by which 3 germ layers differentiate

A

gastrulation

113
Q

_____ of the embryo becomes lining of the GI system

A

endoderm

114
Q

____ of the embryo becomes skin and nervous system

A

ectoderm

115
Q

_____ of the embryo becomes muscle, bones, and connective tissue

A

mesoderm

116
Q

where does the exchange of nutrients and gases occur between mom and baby?

A

interface between chorionic villi and mother’s blood supply

117
Q

what organ does the placenta serve as for the developing fetus?

A

lungs

118
Q

what are the two main functions of estrogen during pregnancy?

A

endometrial proliferation, increase oxytocin receptors in uterus

119
Q

what are the three main functions of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

differentiation and granular secretions of uterus, prevent myometrium contractions, inhibit prolactin

120
Q

HCG binds to the LH receptor on the corpus luteum to increase production of _____

A

progesterone

121
Q

what hormone is higher in pregnancy: estrogen or progesterone?

A

estrogen

122
Q

_____ helps soften the cervix during labor

A

prostaglandins

123
Q

what two things occur at stage 1 of labor?

A

contractions, dilation of amniotic sac

124
Q

increased _____ released stimulates uterine contractions during active labor

A

oxytocin

125
Q

what is one thing that can stimulate placental delivery?

A

nursing the baby

126
Q

what must occur to transition between stage 1 and stage 2 of labor?

A

dilate to 10 cm

127
Q

controlled variable in the labor feedback loop

A

muscle length

128
Q

stimulus in the labor feedback loop

A

stretch

129
Q

sensor in the labor feedback loop

A

mechanoreceptor

130
Q

input in the labor feedback loop

A

sensory neuron

131
Q

control center in the labor feedback loop

A

hypothalamus (posterior pituitary)

132
Q

output in the labor feedback loop

A

oxytocin

133
Q

effector in the labor feedback loop

A

uterus

134
Q

response in the labor feedback loop

A

smooth muscle contraction

135
Q

what occurs to end the positive labor feedback loop?

A

delivery of baby

136
Q

stimulus in the milk letdown reflex arch

A

nursing at breast

137
Q

receptor in the milk letdown reflex arch

A

mechanoreceptors

138
Q

input in the milk letdown reflex arch

A

afferent nerves

139
Q

control center in the milk letdown reflex arch

A

hypothalamus

140
Q

output in the milk letdown reflex arch

A

oxytocin release from posterior pituitary

141
Q

effector in the milk letdown reflex arch

A

myoepithelial cells on mammary glands

142
Q

response in the milk letdown reflex arch

A

contraction and milk ejection

143
Q

what occurs to stop the positive feedback milk letdown reflex arch?

A

baby stops nursing

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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