Reproduction Flashcards
semen is composed of what two components?
sperm cells, seminal plasma
___ structures are the ones that produce gametes (testes in males)
primary
___ structures are organs, ducts, and glands that deliver the gametes to the outside environment
accessory
____ is the process of moving semen through the reproductive tract
ejaculation
in meiosis, the parent cell is a ____ cell
germ
what process makes 4 haploid daughter cells from a parent cell?
meiosis
what is the main difference between meiosis and mitosis?
crossing over
in mitosis, the parent cell is a ____ cell
somatic
what is the result of mitosis?
two identical cells to the parent cell
what testis cell supports and protects the developing sperm?
sertoli
what is the end result of spermatogenic cells?
become sperm cells
what testis cells produce testosterone?
leydig
where in the body do sperm orignate?
testis
what is the process of differentiation of spermatids into sperm cells?
spermiogenesis
____ is the process of sperm being released from sertoli cells and entering the seminiferous tubule
spermiation
what are the 2 major results of spermatogenesis?
four sperm cells, one reserve cell
what is found in the head of the sperm and what is the function?
enzymes, break through egg and contains genetic material
what is found in the midpiece of the sperm and what is the function?
mitochondria, produces ATP to move the tail
what is the role of the sperm tail?
movement of the sperm upon ejaculation
what are the 4 hormones involved in the three tier system of testosterone and inhibin?
GnRH, LH, FSH, testosterone
where is GnRH released from?
hypothalamus
GnRH arrives in the ____ pituitary and stimulates the release of LH and FSH
anterior
LH is released into the bloodstream and stimulates ___ cells to produce _____
Leydig, testosterone
FSH is released into the bloodstream and stimulates ___ and ____ release from the ___ cells
ABP, inhibin, sertoli
what two hormones are necessary for sperm production?
testosterone, FSH
testosterone is a ____ protein
steroid
in what two ways does LH stimulate testosterone production?
increased cholesterol transport (testosterone backbone) and increased transcription of testosterone production enzymes
testosterone diffuses over to ____ cells and stimulates ____
sertoli, spermatognesis
how does ABP enhance spermatogenesis?
bind to testosterone to keep levels high in the sertoli cells
inhibin inhibits what hormone only?
FSH
the hypothalamus of pre-puberty males has ___ sensitivity to testosterone
increased
what is the result in the body when puberty hits and males become less sensitive to testosterone?
increased GnRH, LH, FSH, testosterone, and ABP
where do sperm go to mature and develop over a two week period?
epididymis
what are the five major secretions from the seminal vesicle?
citric acid, clotting enzymes, HCO3, proteolytic enzymes, seminal plasmin
___ ___ is used by sperm to make ATP to swim long distances to the egg
citric acid
____ ____ clot semen after ejaculation as a protective measure
clotting enzymes
_____ is protective to the sperm and neutralizes the acidic vagina
HCO3
_____ _____break down the clot of sperm
proteolytic enzymes
____ ____ is the major antibiotic of semen
seminal plasmin
the SRY gene stimulates what?
neutral gonandal tissue differentiation into testes
lack of or mutant SRY gene results in what?
female genetalia
what are the two components of the internal environment?
interstitial fluid, blood plasma
why is interstitial fluid regulated by homeostasis?
contents are directly influenced by plasma
what are the four questions to ask if something is regulated by homeostasis?
- in internal environment
- receptor to sense
- kept constant
- negative consequences if not kept constant
what are the 2 jobs of the ovaries?
produce eggs, secrete sex hormones
what is contained in a follicle?
oocyte
an ___ is an immature egg
oocyte
once an oocyte is ovulated, it is an ____
ovum/egg
______ oocytes are the ones that are capable of being ovulated
secondary
for every one oogonium, ____ ovum is made
one
why are polar bodies made during oogenesis?
source of nucleotides to build new cells
what female reproductive hormone(s) work as transcription factors?
estrogen, progesterone
what are the 3 major roles of estrogen?
endometrial proliferation (uterus), granulosa cell expansion (ovary), growth of breast tissue
what are the 3 major roles of progesterone?
prepares uterine tract for pregnancy, suppress myometrium contractions, inhibits milk production
what occurs to prepare the uterine tract for pregnancy?
growth and differentiation of endometrium
what type of cells surround the primordial follicle?
granulosa
what is the major role of inhibin?
regulate production of FSH via negative feedback
LH released into the female bloodstream stimulates the ____ cells to produce ____
theca, androgens
in females, androgens diffuse to the granulosa cells and are converted into ____
estrogen
once produced by theca cells, where do androgens diffuse?
granulosa cells
FSH is released into the bloodstream and stimulates ___ production in females
estrogen
when estrogen levels rise, ____ cells secrete ____
granulosa, inhibin
what is occurring at ovulation?
eggs bursts out of follicle
what is the major role of the corpus luteum?
keep uterus alive
what two cells make up the corpus luteum?
granulosa, theca
what phase is known as the waiting/maintence phase?
luteal
what is occurring during the follicular phase?
develop and pick follicle to become mature and release an egg
the follicular phase lines up with what change in the endometrium?
proliferative
the luteal phase lines up with what two endometrial stages?
secretory, menstruation
what are the 3 uterine events?
proliferation, secretory, menstruation
in females, LH acts on what type of cells?
theca
in females, FSH acts on what type of cells?
granulosa
low levels of ____ stimulates the released of GnRH from the hypothalamus in females
estrogen
estrogen is produced by ___ cells
granulosa
estrogen from gruanulosa cells continue to rise until the spike of ___
LH
___ levels of estrogen from the GC stimulates the release of GnRH
high
increased GnRH results in a surge of _____ and some ____
LH, FSH
what is known as the LH spike?
increase in LH in response to high levels of estrogen
the ____ determines when ovulation occurs, once it is capable of producing enough estrogen
follicle
ovulation marks the end of the ____ phase and start of the ___ phase
follicular, luteal
what does a ruptured follicle turn into?
corpus luteum
the corpus luteum secretes high levels of _____ and some ____
progesterone, estrogen
____ is the hormone that promotes the endometrium converting into a gland during the luteal phase
progesterone
____ is the hormone that helps with growth and maintence of the endometrium in the luteal phase
estrogen
what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?
stay alive to produce hormones until the placenta is made
what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
die and form the corpus albicans, endometrium sheds (mensuration)
the hypothalamus of pre-puberty females is _____ sensitive to estrogen
highly
why are the first menstrual periods oftentimes anovulatory?
estrogen is high enough to thicken endometrium, not high enough to ovulate
what occurs to start menopause?
ovaries run out of follicles
what happens to female hormone levels in menopause?
decrease estrogen, increase LH, FSH, GnRH
what occurs to female hormone levels when you take hormonal contraceptives?
decrease estrogen (endogenous), GnRH, LH, FSH
does ovulation occur with hormonal birth control?
no
when the sperm approaches the egg, it binds to the ____ receptor on the surface
ZP3
what is triggered when the sperm approaches the egg and binds to the ZP3 receptor?
acrosomal reaction, acrosomal contents are released onto the surface of the egg
what occurs during the acrosomal reaction?
a hole dissolves in the zona pelucida, sperm enters into egg
what occurs to block polyspermy?
fusion of sperm and egg
this type of twin occurs with 2 eggs and 2 sperm and are non-identical
dizygotic
this type of twin occurs with one egg and one sperm and are identical
monozygotic
the ___ ____ is what prevents polyspermy
cortical reaction
what occurs to harden to zona pellucida and prevent other sperm from fusing with the egg?
depolarization of the oocyte
what occurs to prevent any more sperm from binding and entering the egg?
deactivation of remaining ZP3 receptors?
once the egg is fertilized, it immediately initiates what?
the cortical reaction
what are the two components of the cortical reaction?
deactivation of ZP3 receptors, depolarization of the oocyte
_____ forms the outside shell of the blastocyst and eventually becomes the placenta
trophoblast
___ ____ ____ is located internally in the blastocyst and eventually becomes the embryo
inner cell mass
by day 5 of embryo development, what is occurring?
polarization of cells, they start to organize and form structures
where does embryo implantation occur?
uterine wall
where does the egg meet the sperm?
fallopian tube
what hormone makes the endometrium rich in glycogen and blood vessels?
progesterone
what hormone is secreted by blastocytes?
HCG
why are proteolytic enzymes released during implantation?
break down uterine wall to gain access to blood source
____ is the process by which 3 germ layers differentiate
gastrulation
_____ of the embryo becomes lining of the GI system
endoderm
____ of the embryo becomes skin and nervous system
ectoderm
_____ of the embryo becomes muscle, bones, and connective tissue
mesoderm
where does the exchange of nutrients and gases occur between mom and baby?
interface between chorionic villi and mother’s blood supply
what organ does the placenta serve as for the developing fetus?
lungs
what are the two main functions of estrogen during pregnancy?
endometrial proliferation, increase oxytocin receptors in uterus
what are the three main functions of progesterone during pregnancy?
differentiation and granular secretions of uterus, prevent myometrium contractions, inhibit prolactin
HCG binds to the LH receptor on the corpus luteum to increase production of _____
progesterone
what hormone is higher in pregnancy: estrogen or progesterone?
estrogen
_____ helps soften the cervix during labor
prostaglandins
what two things occur at stage 1 of labor?
contractions, dilation of amniotic sac
increased _____ released stimulates uterine contractions during active labor
oxytocin
what is one thing that can stimulate placental delivery?
nursing the baby
what must occur to transition between stage 1 and stage 2 of labor?
dilate to 10 cm
controlled variable in the labor feedback loop
muscle length
stimulus in the labor feedback loop
stretch
sensor in the labor feedback loop
mechanoreceptor
input in the labor feedback loop
sensory neuron
control center in the labor feedback loop
hypothalamus (posterior pituitary)
output in the labor feedback loop
oxytocin
effector in the labor feedback loop
uterus
response in the labor feedback loop
smooth muscle contraction
what occurs to end the positive labor feedback loop?
delivery of baby
stimulus in the milk letdown reflex arch
nursing at breast
receptor in the milk letdown reflex arch
mechanoreceptors
input in the milk letdown reflex arch
afferent nerves
control center in the milk letdown reflex arch
hypothalamus
output in the milk letdown reflex arch
oxytocin release from posterior pituitary
effector in the milk letdown reflex arch
myoepithelial cells on mammary glands
response in the milk letdown reflex arch
contraction and milk ejection
what occurs to stop the positive feedback milk letdown reflex arch?
baby stops nursing
