Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
semen is composed of what two components?
A
sperm cells, seminal plasma
2
Q
___ structures are the ones that produce gametes (testes in males)
A
primary
3
Q
___ structures are organs, ducts, and glands that deliver the gametes to the outside environment
A
accessory
4
Q
____ is the process of moving semen through the reproductive tract
A
ejaculation
5
Q
in meiosis, the parent cell is a ____ cell
A
germ
6
Q
what process makes 4 haploid daughter cells from a parent cell?
A
meiosis
7
Q
what is the main difference between meiosis and mitosis?
A
crossing over
8
Q
in mitosis, the parent cell is a ____ cell
A
somatic
9
Q
what is the result of mitosis?
A
two identical cells to the parent cell
10
Q
what testis cell supports and protects the developing sperm?
A
sertoli
11
Q
what is the end result of spermatogenic cells?
A
become sperm cells
12
Q
what testis cells produce testosterone?
A
leydig
13
Q
where in the body do sperm orignate?
A
testis
14
Q
what is the process of differentiation of spermatids into sperm cells?
A
spermiogenesis
15
Q
____ is the process of sperm being released from sertoli cells and entering the seminiferous tubule
A
spermiation
16
Q
what are the 2 major results of spermatogenesis?
A
four sperm cells, one reserve cell
17
Q
what is found in the head of the sperm and what is the function?
A
enzymes, break through egg and contains genetic material
18
Q
what is found in the midpiece of the sperm and what is the function?
A
mitochondria, produces ATP to move the tail
19
Q
what is the role of the sperm tail?
A
movement of the sperm upon ejaculation
20
Q
what are the 4 hormones involved in the three tier system of testosterone and inhibin?
A
GnRH, LH, FSH, testosterone
21
Q
where is GnRH released from?
A
hypothalamus
22
Q
GnRH arrives in the ____ pituitary and stimulates the release of LH and FSH
A
anterior
23
Q
LH is released into the bloodstream and stimulates ___ cells to produce _____
A
Leydig, testosterone
24
Q
FSH is released into the bloodstream and stimulates ___ and ____ release from the ___ cells
A
ABP, inhibin, sertoli
25
what two hormones are necessary for sperm production?
testosterone, FSH
26
testosterone is a ____ protein
steroid
27
in what two ways does LH stimulate testosterone production?
increased cholesterol transport (testosterone backbone) and increased transcription of testosterone production enzymes
28
testosterone diffuses over to ____ cells and stimulates ____
sertoli, spermatognesis
29
how does ABP enhance spermatogenesis?
bind to testosterone to keep levels high in the sertoli cells
30
inhibin inhibits what hormone only?
FSH
31
the hypothalamus of pre-puberty males has ___ sensitivity to testosterone
increased
32
what is the result in the body when puberty hits and males become less sensitive to testosterone?
increased GnRH, LH, FSH, testosterone, and ABP
33
where do sperm go to mature and develop over a two week period?
epididymis
34
what are the five major secretions from the seminal vesicle?
citric acid, clotting enzymes, HCO3, proteolytic enzymes, seminal plasmin
35
___ ___ is used by sperm to make ATP to swim long distances to the egg
citric acid
36
____ ____ clot semen after ejaculation as a protective measure
clotting enzymes
37
_____ is protective to the sperm and neutralizes the acidic vagina
HCO3
38
_____ _____break down the clot of sperm
proteolytic enzymes
39
____ ____ is the major antibiotic of semen
seminal plasmin
40
the SRY gene stimulates what?
neutral gonandal tissue differentiation into testes
41
lack of or mutant SRY gene results in what?
female genetalia
42
what are the two components of the internal environment?
interstitial fluid, blood plasma
43
why is interstitial fluid regulated by homeostasis?
contents are directly influenced by plasma
44
what are the four questions to ask if something is regulated by homeostasis?
1. in internal environment
2. receptor to sense
3. kept constant
4. negative consequences if not kept constant
45
what are the 2 jobs of the ovaries?
produce eggs, secrete sex hormones
46
what is contained in a follicle?
oocyte
47
an ___ is an immature egg
oocyte
48
once an oocyte is ovulated, it is an ____
ovum/egg
49
______ oocytes are the ones that are capable of being ovulated
secondary
50
for every one oogonium, ____ ovum is made
one
51
why are polar bodies made during oogenesis?
source of nucleotides to build new cells
52
what female reproductive hormone(s) work as transcription factors?
estrogen, progesterone
53
what are the 3 major roles of estrogen?
endometrial proliferation (uterus), granulosa cell expansion (ovary), growth of breast tissue
54
what are the 3 major roles of progesterone?
prepares uterine tract for pregnancy, suppress myometrium contractions, inhibits milk production
55
what occurs to prepare the uterine tract for pregnancy?
growth and differentiation of endometrium
56
what type of cells surround the primordial follicle?
granulosa
57
what is the major role of inhibin?
regulate production of FSH via negative feedback
58
LH released into the female bloodstream stimulates the ____ cells to produce ____
theca, androgens
59
in females, androgens diffuse to the granulosa cells and are converted into ____
estrogen
60
once produced by theca cells, where do androgens diffuse?
granulosa cells
61
FSH is released into the bloodstream and stimulates ___ production in females
estrogen
62
when estrogen levels rise, ____ cells secrete ____
granulosa, inhibin
63
what is occurring at ovulation?
eggs bursts out of follicle
64
what is the major role of the corpus luteum?
keep uterus alive
65
what two cells make up the corpus luteum?
granulosa, theca
66
what phase is known as the waiting/maintence phase?
luteal
67
what is occurring during the follicular phase?
develop and pick follicle to become mature and release an egg
68
the follicular phase lines up with what change in the endometrium?
proliferative
69
the luteal phase lines up with what two endometrial stages?
secretory, menstruation
70
what are the 3 uterine events?
proliferation, secretory, menstruation
71
in females, LH acts on what type of cells?
theca
72
in females, FSH acts on what type of cells?
granulosa
73
low levels of ____ stimulates the released of GnRH from the hypothalamus in females
estrogen
74
estrogen is produced by ___ cells
granulosa
75
estrogen from gruanulosa cells continue to rise until the spike of ___
LH
76
___ levels of estrogen from the GC stimulates the release of GnRH
high
77
increased GnRH results in a surge of _____ and some ____
LH, FSH
78
what is known as the LH spike?
increase in LH in response to high levels of estrogen
79
the ____ determines when ovulation occurs, once it is capable of producing enough estrogen
follicle
80
ovulation marks the end of the ____ phase and start of the ___ phase
follicular, luteal
81
what does a ruptured follicle turn into?
corpus luteum
82
the corpus luteum secretes high levels of _____ and some ____
progesterone, estrogen
83
____ is the hormone that promotes the endometrium converting into a gland during the luteal phase
progesterone
84
____ is the hormone that helps with growth and maintence of the endometrium in the luteal phase
estrogen
85
what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?
stay alive to produce hormones until the placenta is made
86
what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
die and form the corpus albicans, endometrium sheds (mensuration)
87
the hypothalamus of pre-puberty females is _____ sensitive to estrogen
highly
88
why are the first menstrual periods oftentimes anovulatory?
estrogen is high enough to thicken endometrium, not high enough to ovulate
89
what occurs to start menopause?
ovaries run out of follicles
90
what happens to female hormone levels in menopause?
decrease estrogen, increase LH, FSH, GnRH
91
what occurs to female hormone levels when you take hormonal contraceptives?
decrease estrogen (endogenous), GnRH, LH, FSH
92
does ovulation occur with hormonal birth control?
no
93
when the sperm approaches the egg, it binds to the ____ receptor on the surface
ZP3
94
what is triggered when the sperm approaches the egg and binds to the ZP3 receptor?
acrosomal reaction, acrosomal contents are released onto the surface of the egg
95
what occurs during the acrosomal reaction?
a hole dissolves in the zona pelucida, sperm enters into egg
96
what occurs to block polyspermy?
fusion of sperm and egg
97
this type of twin occurs with 2 eggs and 2 sperm and are non-identical
dizygotic
98
this type of twin occurs with one egg and one sperm and are identical
monozygotic
99
the ___ ____ is what prevents polyspermy
cortical reaction
100
what occurs to harden to zona pellucida and prevent other sperm from fusing with the egg?
depolarization of the oocyte
101
what occurs to prevent any more sperm from binding and entering the egg?
deactivation of remaining ZP3 receptors?
102
once the egg is fertilized, it immediately initiates what?
the cortical reaction
103
what are the two components of the cortical reaction?
deactivation of ZP3 receptors, depolarization of the oocyte
104
_____ forms the outside shell of the blastocyst and eventually becomes the placenta
trophoblast
105
___ ____ ____ is located internally in the blastocyst and eventually becomes the embryo
inner cell mass
106
by day 5 of embryo development, what is occurring?
polarization of cells, they start to organize and form structures
107
where does embryo implantation occur?
uterine wall
108
where does the egg meet the sperm?
fallopian tube
109
what hormone makes the endometrium rich in glycogen and blood vessels?
progesterone
110
what hormone is secreted by blastocytes?
HCG
111
why are proteolytic enzymes released during implantation?
break down uterine wall to gain access to blood source
112
____ is the process by which 3 germ layers differentiate
gastrulation
113
_____ of the embryo becomes lining of the GI system
endoderm
114
____ of the embryo becomes skin and nervous system
ectoderm
115
_____ of the embryo becomes muscle, bones, and connective tissue
mesoderm
116
where does the exchange of nutrients and gases occur between mom and baby?
interface between chorionic villi and mother's blood supply
117
what organ does the placenta serve as for the developing fetus?
lungs
118
what are the two main functions of estrogen during pregnancy?
endometrial proliferation, increase oxytocin receptors in uterus
119
what are the three main functions of progesterone during pregnancy?
differentiation and granular secretions of uterus, prevent myometrium contractions, inhibit prolactin
120
HCG binds to the LH receptor on the corpus luteum to increase production of _____
progesterone
121
what hormone is higher in pregnancy: estrogen or progesterone?
estrogen
122
_____ helps soften the cervix during labor
prostaglandins
123
what two things occur at stage 1 of labor?
contractions, dilation of amniotic sac
124
increased _____ released stimulates uterine contractions during active labor
oxytocin
125
what is one thing that can stimulate placental delivery?
nursing the baby
126
what must occur to transition between stage 1 and stage 2 of labor?
dilate to 10 cm
127
controlled variable in the labor feedback loop
muscle length
128
stimulus in the labor feedback loop
stretch
129
sensor in the labor feedback loop
mechanoreceptor
130
input in the labor feedback loop
sensory neuron
131
control center in the labor feedback loop
hypothalamus (posterior pituitary)
132
output in the labor feedback loop
oxytocin
133
effector in the labor feedback loop
uterus
134
response in the labor feedback loop
smooth muscle contraction
135
what occurs to end the positive labor feedback loop?
delivery of baby
136
stimulus in the milk letdown reflex arch
nursing at breast
137
receptor in the milk letdown reflex arch
mechanoreceptors
138
input in the milk letdown reflex arch
afferent nerves
139
control center in the milk letdown reflex arch
hypothalamus
140
output in the milk letdown reflex arch
oxytocin release from posterior pituitary
141
effector in the milk letdown reflex arch
myoepithelial cells on mammary glands
142
response in the milk letdown reflex arch
contraction and milk ejection
143
what occurs to stop the positive feedback milk letdown reflex arch?
baby stops nursing
