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Human Physiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the sum of chemical reactions in the body

A

metabolism

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2
Q

what are the 3 roles of metabolism?

A
  1. extract ATP from nutrients
  2. use the energy to do work
  3. store energy for future use
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3
Q

___ pathways synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones

A

anabolic

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4
Q

what pathway is dominant in the absorptive or fed state?

A

anabolic

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5
Q

___ pathways break larger molecules into smaller one s

A

catabolic

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6
Q

what pathway is dominant in the postabsorbative or fasted state?

A

catabolic

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7
Q

term for formation of glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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8
Q

term for formation of lipids

A

lipogenesis

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9
Q

term for formation of newly synthesized glucose

A

guconeogenesis

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10
Q

term for breakdown of glycogen

A

glycogenolysis

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11
Q

term for breakdown of lipids

A

lipolysis

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12
Q

what anabolic pathway is present in the postabsorbative state?

A

gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

what catabolic pathways are present in the postabsorbative state?

A

glycogenolysis, lipolysis

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14
Q

what anabolic pathways are present in the absorptive state?

A

glycogenesis, lipogenesis

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15
Q

what catabolic pathways are present in the absorptive state?

A

none

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16
Q

excess nutrients in the body are stored as ___ and ____

A

fat, glycogen

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17
Q

where in the body is glycogen stored?

A

liver, skeletal muscle

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18
Q

___ is a rapid source of energy in the body

A

glycogen

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19
Q

removing excess glucose from the plasma and storing it as glycogen helps do what?

A

lower plasma glucose in the absorptive state

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20
Q

is fat light or heavy?

A

light

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21
Q

____ energy is harder and slower to access

A

fat

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22
Q

what two things can make triglycerides?

A

glucose, excess amino acids

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23
Q

the formation of triglyceride from excess glucose helps do what?

A

lower plasma glucose in the absorptive state

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24
Q

what are the four locations of nutrients?

A

muscle, fat, liver, brain

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25
Q

is glucose acidic or basic?

A

acidic

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26
Q

what hormone takes glucose out of plasma?

A

insulin

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27
Q

what is known as the liver production of glucose?

A

gluconeogenesis

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28
Q

what processes does insulin inhibit?

A

gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

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29
Q

what is the term for fat release from adipocytes?

A

lipolysis

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30
Q

what cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?

A

beta

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31
Q

what is the most potent stimulus for insulin release?

A

increased plasma glucose levels

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32
Q

what hormones feedforward for insulin release?

A

incretins

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33
Q

insulin inhibits the activity of what system?

A

sympathetic

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34
Q

insulin stimulates the activity of what system?

A

sympathetic

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35
Q

increase in either plasma insulin or ___ ___ can stimulate release of insulin

A

amino acids

36
Q

long term exposure to elevated plasma fatty acids can result in ____

A

atherosclerosis

37
Q

muscle needs ___ ___ to replace the protein lost in the absorptive state

A

amino acids

38
Q

___ ____ are needed in the tissue for cellular growth and repair

A

amino acids

39
Q

what is the direct effect of the binding of insulin on muscle and fat cells?

A

insertion of glucose transporters in the plasma membrane

40
Q

insulin stimulates the activity of what enzyme in liver tissue?

A

hexokinase

41
Q

____ is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating glucose upon entry into the cell

A

hexokinase

42
Q

because hexokinase phosphorylates glucose, there is a ___ ___ for glucose to move into the cell

A

concentration gradient

43
Q

in this tissue, glucose is either stored as glycogen or oxidized for ATP

A

muscle

44
Q

in this tissue, glucose is either stored as glycogen or converted to triglyceride

A

liver

45
Q

is triglyceride stored in the liver long term?

A

no

46
Q

in this tissue, glucose is either oxidized for ATP or converted to triglyceride

A

fat

47
Q

in this tissue, glucose is only oxidized for ATP

A

brain

48
Q

where do triglycerides go after being made in the liver?

A

bloodstream to fat cells

49
Q

in what three tissues do amino acids build new protein?

A

muscle, fat, brain

50
Q

triglycerides made in the liver are exported to adipose tissue in what form?

A

very low density lipoprotein

51
Q

in what two tissues does the conversion of glucose to fatty acids occur?

A

liver, fat

52
Q

what are the intermediates in the conversion of glucose to fatty acids?

A

glycerol, 3 fatty acids

53
Q

what occurs to make an amino acid a keto acid?

A

deamination

54
Q

what is the byproduct of converting an amino acid into a keto acid?

A

NH3 (ammonia, toxic)

55
Q

what is ammonia converted to in the liver to make it non-toxic?

A

urea

56
Q

what does the keto acid get converted into?

A

glucose

57
Q

long term storage of triglycerides come in what two forms?

A

chylomicrons, VLDLs

58
Q

VLDLs and chylomicrons are balls of fat covered in what?

A

phospholipids

59
Q

is a phospholipid a mono or bilayer?

A

mono

60
Q

____ are the fats that come from the small intestine and carry fats that originated in the diet

A

CMs

61
Q

___ fats deposit their triglycerides in the adipose tissue

A

CM

62
Q

___ fats are taken up by the liver and their remaining triglyceride is repackaged in a VLDL

A

CM

63
Q

____ fats are synthesized by the liver and contain triglyceride that was made from excess AA and glucose and triglyceride found in a CM remnant

A

VLDL

64
Q

___ fats contain newly synthesized triglyceride and dietary triglycerides

A

VLDL

65
Q

____ fats leave the liver and deposit their triglycerides in the adipose tissue for long term storage

A

VLDL

66
Q

the ____ ___ is disassembled in the liver and cholesterol released from it turns into the VLDL

A

chylomicron remnant

67
Q

type 1 diabetes is due to ___ ____

A

insulin deficiency

68
Q

_______ is an autoimmune disease that destroys B cells

A

type 1 diabetes

69
Q

type 2 diabetes is due to development of _____ _____

A

insulin resistance

70
Q

if there is low glucose in the blood, it all goes to what tissue?

A

brain

71
Q

can the brain run on ketone bodies?

A

yes

72
Q

___ ___ is the switch that tissues make to oxidizing alternative fuel sources to make ATP so that only the brain is using glucose

A

glucose sparing

73
Q

muscle and fat rely on __ ____ oxidization during glucose sparing

A

fatty acids

74
Q

liver relies on ___ ____ oxidization during glucose sparing

A

amino acids

75
Q

what two processes are stimulated by glucagon?

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

76
Q

glucagon stimulates ___ breakdown

A

muscle

77
Q

glucagon stimulates ___ ___ release from fat tissue

A

fatty acid

78
Q

what pancreas cells produce glucagon?

A

alpha

79
Q

what is the major stimulator for glucagon release?

A

decrease in plasma glucose

80
Q

is insulin needed during glucose sparing?

A

no

81
Q

when glucose is low, fat tissues release ___ ___ and ____ into the plasma from triglyceride breakdown

A

fatty acids, glycerol

82
Q

fatty acids in the liver are converted into __ ____ instead of ATP

A

ketone bodies

83
Q

why does the liver produce ketone bodies instead of ATP from fatty acid oxidization?

A

liver has low levels of oxaloacetate

84
Q

adipose tissue and muscle do not have access to glucose unless ___ is around

A

insulin

85
Q

does elevated blood glucose cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

vasoconstriction

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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