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Human Physiology > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

six roles of the digestive system

A

ingestion, secretion, motility, digestion, absorption, defecation

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2
Q

the gut layer that has:
-epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae

A

mucosa

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3
Q

the gut layer containing vessels and glands

A

submucosa

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4
Q

the 2 muscularis externa layers on the intestine

A

longitudinal, circular

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5
Q

the 2 components of the enteric nervous system

A

submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus

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6
Q

what is the role of the serosa layer?

A

structure

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7
Q

what is the control center of the short reflex?

A

interneuron in ENS

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8
Q

what are the 2 outputs of the short reflex?

A

submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus

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9
Q

___ _____ is the major digestive enzyme in saliva that conducts startch breakdown

A

a-amylase

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10
Q

what does a-amylase’s function depend on?

A

how well food is chewed

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11
Q

why is the starch breakdown important to occur in the mouth?

A

a-amylase is deactivated in the stomach due to the acidic environment

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12
Q

what does taste depend on?

A

ability to detect chemicals in the food

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13
Q

dissolved chemicals diffuse into pores in the tongue and are sensed by taste hairs that ____ the membrane and activate the nervous system

A

depolarize

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14
Q

____ produce thick mucus to protect us against chewing sharp material

A

mucins

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15
Q

what are the 3 ways that saliva protect?

A

mucins producing mucus, alkaline pH buffer against food and stomach, antimicrobial secretions

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16
Q

absorption of ____ ___ ____ _____ occurs in the mouth

A

low molecular weight molecules

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17
Q

what kind of drugs can be absorbed in the mouth?

A

sublingual/under the tongue

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18
Q

molecules absorbed in the mouth bypass what process?

A

the first round of liver metabolism

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19
Q

mucins produce ____ that coat food so they can move around the mouth

A

mucins

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20
Q

what is the muscularis externa of the top third of the esophagus made of?

A

skeletal longitudinal and circular muscle

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21
Q

what is the muscularis externa of the bottom 2/3 of the esophagus made of?

A

smooth longitudinal and circular muscle

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22
Q

where in the brain is swallowing integrated?

A

medulla oblongata

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23
Q

the swallowing reflex requires activation of what two types of nerve?

A

sensory afferent, somatic motor

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24
Q

once the food touches the ___ ____, the swallowing reflex is triggered (AKA stimulus)

A

soft palate

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25
Q

what type of receptors are found in the soft palate to initiate the swallowing relfex?

A

mechanoreceptors

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26
Q

what are the 3 responses in the swallowing reflex?

A
  1. soft palate elevates
  2. epiglottis lowers
  3. opening of the LES
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27
Q

once food moves into the esophagus, what 3 things occur?

A
  1. UES closes
  2. epiglottis lifts, opening larynx
  3. breathing resumes
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28
Q

controlled variable in the swallowing reflex

A

open and clear back of the throat

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29
Q

sensor in the swallowing reflex

A

mechanoreceptor

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30
Q

what is described as waves of smooth muscle contractions?

A

peristalsis

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31
Q

what is the barrier between the stomach acid and the esophagus?

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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32
Q

obese, pregnancy, overeaters, and anyone with elevated stomach pressure are susceptible to what?

A

GERD

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33
Q

why is it important that the LES is located outside of the thoracic cavity?

A

experiences normal atmospheric pressure

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34
Q

food contents mixed with gastric juices is called what?

A

chyme

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35
Q

digestion of ____ is initiated in the stomach

A

proteins

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36
Q

_____ nerve activation increases acid release

A

vagus

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37
Q

___ ____ is a strong acid that sterilizes and kills bacteria presents in food we eat

A

hydrochloric acid

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38
Q

acid secretion occurs in what relfexes?

A

both short and long

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39
Q

what is the main function of the stomach?

A

mixing

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40
Q

what are the 3 muscular layers of the stomach?

A
  1. oblique
  2. circular
  3. longitudinal
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41
Q

___ cells of the stomach secrete mucus that protects the cells from the acidic environment

A

mucus

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42
Q

____ cells produce and secrete HCl to kill bacteria and also help with vitamin B12 absorption in the stomach

A

parietal

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43
Q

____ cells secrete digestive enzymes in the stomach

A

chief

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44
Q

____ cells in the stomach secrete gastrin

A

G

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45
Q

____ is a hormone that stimulates HCl release near the blood

A

gastrin

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46
Q

what happens when actions potentials are sustained for a long time above threshold?

A

increase their strength

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47
Q

pacemaker cells lead to the contraction of what muscle layer?

A

longitudinal

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48
Q

pacemaker cells generate a spontaneous, rhythmic depolarization known as a ___ ___ ____

A

basic electrical rhythm (BER)

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49
Q

hormone released by the parasympathetics

A

ACl

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50
Q

hormone released by the sympathetics

A

norepinephrine

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51
Q

___ of the stomach increases the force of contractions and rate of emptying

A

distension

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52
Q

where are waves of contraction in the stomach initiated?

A

top/fundus

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53
Q

where does most of the mixing occur in the stomach?

A

bottom/antrum

54
Q

the presence of fat, acid, and amino acids in the intestine ____ gastric motility

A

inhibit

55
Q

this type of GI Activation is when one cell released a hormone into the interstitial fluid and this acts on a nearby cell that expresses the hormones receptor

A

paracrine

56
Q

this type of GI activation is when a hormone is released into the blood and affects cells expressing the hormone’s receptor

A

endocrine

57
Q

what is the differentiation between endocrine and paracrine?

A

endocrine travels in the blood to the target cell

58
Q

when food enters the stomach, ____ is released into the bloodstream to stimulate acid release

A

gastrin

59
Q

gastrin binds to receptors on what two cells?

A

parietal, histamine

60
Q

in the paracrine function of the stomach, ____ is released from H cells and binds to receptors present on neighboring parietal cells

A

histamine

61
Q

what hormone is the inhibitor of acid secretion in the stomach?

A

somatostatin

62
Q

what type of cells secrete somatostatin?

A

delta cells

63
Q

where is somatostatin released into before it reaches parietal cells?

A

blood

64
Q

does somatostatin respond to high or low pH?

A

low

65
Q

a ____ is an enzyme that is stored intracellularly in an inactive form

A

zymogen

66
Q

what is the zymogen released from chief cells that is activated by the presence of acid?

A

pepsinogen

67
Q

___ cleaves pepsinogen into pepsin

A

HCl

68
Q

what is the enzyme that is responsible for 20% of protein digestion?

A

pepsin

69
Q

___ play a role in maintaining mucus integrity, bicarb secretion, and mucin production

A

prostaglandins

70
Q

mucus is 80% what?

A

carbohydrate chain

71
Q

B12 is typically insufficiently absorbed, by when it forms a ____ in the stomach, it can be absorbed by the intestine

A

complex

72
Q

what trait of the stomach helps prepare iron for absorption in the intestine?

A

acidic environment

73
Q

what are 3 consequences of taking proton pump inhibitors?

A
  1. bacterial infections
  2. decreased iron absorption
  3. decreased pepsinogen activation (protein digestion)
74
Q

what is the name of the pacemaker cells of the intestine?

A

interstitial cells of cajal

75
Q

depolarized smooth muscle cells open what type of channel on the plasma membrane?

A

voltage-gated calcium channels

76
Q

___ binding to a smooth muscle cell with activate intracellular Ca2+ release and muscle contraction

A

Ach

77
Q

what system inhibits digestive activity?

A

sympathetic nervous system

78
Q

what system activates digestive activity?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

79
Q

what is the most important contributor to the parasympathetic role on the digestive system?

A

vagus nerve

80
Q

what is the purpose of segmentation in the intestines?

A

mix food and chyme with digestive enzymes

81
Q

what is the role of peristalsis?

A

move chyme forward and absorb nutrients as it moves

82
Q

what occurs when all myosin heads in smooth muscle are phosphyrylated?

A

tetanus

83
Q

what two things are released from the liver?

A

digestive enzymes, bicarb

84
Q

what is released from the gallbladder?

A

bile

85
Q

2 main roles of the small intestine

A

digestion and absorption

86
Q

role of the circular folds in the intestine

A

increase surface area to maximize absorption

87
Q

what are the crpts of lieberkuhn involved in?

A

secretion

88
Q

most absorption in the small intestine is where?

A

in villi

89
Q

__ cells secrete a lot of mucus in the beginning of the intestine

A

goblet

90
Q

___ cells secrete lysozyme which is able to phagocytose

A

paneth

91
Q

precursor cells in the __ ___ ____ replace the dying epithelium in the small intestine

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

92
Q

what is countercurrent exchange in the villi?

A

tip of the villi is hypoxic and this causes the top to slough off and release digestive enzymes

93
Q

___ is the breakdown of macromolecules for absorption

A

digestion

94
Q

what are the 3 reasons that chyme is neutralized before entering the small intestine?

A
  1. enzyme function
  2. mucosal protection
  3. micelle formation
95
Q

____ cells sense acidity and chemical makeup of chyme

A

enteroendocrine

96
Q

describe the mechanism of acidic chyme neutralization

A

enterendocrine cells secrete mucus, they also release secretin into bloodstream, this signals the release of bicarb from pancreatic duct to intestine

97
Q

what does secretin do to gastric motility?

A

can inhibit

98
Q

____ is a hormone that is released from mucosal cells in response to fasting and stimulates the migrating motor complex and increases peristalsis

A

motilin

99
Q

the sensing of fats, peptides, and carbs activates what type of receptor?

A

chemoreceptor

100
Q

what cells sense the chemical makeup of food?

A

enteroendocrine cells

101
Q

what digestive enzyme is released from the acinar cells of the pancreas when enteroendocrine cells sense food chemical makeup?

A

CCK

102
Q

what does CCK signal for?

A

release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver

103
Q

what does CCK do to the stomach?

A

decrease motility

104
Q

how do carbohydrates get absorbed?

A

glucose moves up gradient at the same time that sodium moves down, secondary active transport

105
Q

what is the main enzyme of the small intestine that breaks down protein?

A

trypsin

106
Q

what are the 3 ways that proteins are absorbed?

A

as di and tripeptides, amino acids, or small peptides

107
Q

how do di and tripeptides get absorbed?

A

cotransport with H+

108
Q

how do amino acids get absorbed?

A

cotransport with sodium

109
Q

how doe small peptides get absorbed?

A

carried intact across the cell by transcytosis (lots of ATP is needed)

110
Q

what is emulsification?

A

bile breaks large lipid droplets into smaller droplets

111
Q

___ breaks down triclycerides and both fatty acids and monoglycerides can freely diffuse

A

lipases

112
Q

in fat absorption, _____ are reassembled in the intenstinal cell and then move into the lacteal system before entering the blood

A

chylomicron

113
Q

the liver ____ toxins, making them less toxic so they can be stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to be excreted

A

conjugates

114
Q

conjugated toxins are produced in the ___

A

liver

115
Q

the hepatic portal vein carries ___ rich blood

A

nutrient (amino acids, carbs)

116
Q

the bile moves ____ from the central vein

A

away

117
Q

the hepatic artery carries ___ rich blood

A

oxygen

118
Q

what is the main role of the large intestine?

A

water and salt absorption

119
Q

what two cell types are found in the large intestine crypts of lierberkuhn?

A

absorptive, goblet

120
Q

absorption of water relies on the absorption of ____

A

sodium

121
Q

what are the 3 majors functions of the liver?

A
  1. production of bile salts
  2. carb metabolism
  3. conjugation of billirubin and other toxins
122
Q

bile salts remain in the small intestine until absorbed in the ___

A

ilium

123
Q

how many times is the pool of bile salts recycle during a meal?

A

twice

124
Q

the ____ of the toxin determines if it is excreted by the kidneys or by the intestines

A

size

125
Q

excess glucose is stored in the liver as ____

A

glycogen

126
Q

if conjugated substances are secreted by the kidneys, they are released into the ___

A

blood

127
Q

if conjugated substances are secreted by the intestine, they are released with ___

A

bile

128
Q

what part of the large intestine is for squeezing out water?

A

haustra

129
Q

the internal anal sphincter is under ___ control

A

involuntary (smooth muscle)

130
Q

the external anal sphincter is under ____ control

A

voluntary (skeletal muscle)

131
Q

what is the integrating center of the defecation reflex?

A

sacral spinal cord

132
Q

]

A

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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