Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Cell and Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Cell and Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the smallest unit of life?

A

cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the fluid that is found within cells?

A

intracellular fluid (ICF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the fluid found between cells?

A

extracellular fluid (ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the fluid found portion of blood?

A

plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the ECF is considered the body’s ___ _____

A

internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the fluid of the ____, ___, and ___ ____ Are part of the external environment

A

lungs, gut, urinary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nutrients and waste move between the external environment by crossing a ___ ____

A

cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CO2 is a byproduct of what?

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ is the maintence of the internal environment

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in feedback loops, the ___ ____ is what we want to regulate

A

controlled variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the ____ ____ is the optimal range of variables for the level that is to be controlled

A

set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the _____ detects changes in the controlled variable

A

sensor/receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the ___ ____ is generated by the receptor

A

input signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the ____ decides what active needs to be taken based on the stimulus

A

control (integrating center)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most common control/integrating center?

A

brain (others are spinal cord, some cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

neuron and hormone are examples of what in the feedback loop?

A

output signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

targets/effectors include what?

A

specific tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the ___ occurs when the signal reaches the target

A

response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in a negative feedback loop, the action ____ the stimulus

A

opposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the most common physiological type of feedback loop?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in positive feedback loops, an __ ____ is needed to shut off the cycle

A

outside factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when you are fasting and your liver releases stored glucose, this is what type of feedback?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when you have low oxygen from hiking in altitudes and your respirations increase, this is what type of feedback?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when cool temps outside induce shivering of skeletal muscles to generate heat in the body, this is what type of feedback?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what platelets in the blood release clotting factors which cause more platelets to coagulate, this is what type of feedback?

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is it called when your body is anticipating a change?

A

feedforward mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what has the function of being the body’s major integration center?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what makes up the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what has the function of sending information to the CNS and relaying information from the CNS to effectors?

A

peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are all of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord?

A

peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

information flows into and out of the spinal cord via ___ ___

A

peripheral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

___ ___ can process sensory information and send output signals without involving the brain

A

local circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

reflexes are known as ___ _____ because they do not involve the brain

A

local circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does the CNS split into?

A

sensory division, motor division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the three divisions of the sensory CNS?

A

somatic senses, special senses, visceral senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

___ senses are the ones you are conscious of

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

____ senses include taste, vision, sight, hearing, and balance

A

special

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

___ senses are the ones you are not conscious of

A

visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the two divisions of the motor CNS?

A

somatic, autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the ____ nervous system is that of the gut

A

enteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

___ means that information flows from the peripheral nervous system to the integrating center

A

afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

___ arrives at the integration center

A

afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

afferent is ____ information and comes in three types

A

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

blood pressure, body pH, and osmolarity and examples of what type of afferent signal?

A

visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste are examples of what type of afferent information?

A

special

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

touch, pain, and temperature and examples of what type of afferent signal?

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

____ is information that flows from the integration center to the effectors

A

efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

by what means does information flow from the integrating center to effectors?

A

peripheral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

efferent information is considered what type of signal?

A

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

involuntary muscle such as smooth and cardiac as well as glands are what type of efferent signal?

A

visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

voluntary movement via skeletal muscle is what type of efferent signal?

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

a neuron is considered ____ when there is only one projection coming from the cell body

A

unipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

most sensory neurons are ___polar

A

uni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

a neuron is considered _____ where there are multiple projections coming from the cell body

A

multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

most interneurons are considered ____polar

A

multi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

an _____ is a neuron that processes sensory information and can either send output signals to motor neurons or send the signal further in the CNS

A

interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is contained in the dorsal root?

A

axons of sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

the _____ of the spinal cord is where sensory information is processed

A

dorsal/posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is contained in the ventral root?

A

axons of motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is gray matter made of?

A

cell bodies and synapses of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is the main function of gray matter?

A

integrate and process information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

_____ refers to a collection of cell bodies and synapses in the peripheral nervous system

A

ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is white matter made of?

A

myelinated axons of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is the main function of white matter?

A

transmission of signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

____ refer to a collection of myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

the ventral root is responsible for what action?

A

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

the dorsal root is responsible for what action?

A

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

___ tracts contain sensory/afferent information

A

ascending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

____ tracts contain motor/efferent information

A

descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

___ spinal nerves go to the neck, shoulders, arms, and hands

A

cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

____ spinal nerves go to the chest and upper abdomen

A

thoracic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

____ spinal nerves go to the lower abdomen, hips, and legs

A

lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

____ spinal nerves go to the genital and lower digestive tract

A

sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

____ spinal nerves go to the skin lying above the tailbone

A

coccygeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

there are ___ pairs of cervical nerves

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

there are ____ pairs of thoracic nerves

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

there are ____ pairs of lumbar nerves

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

there are ___ pairs of sacral nerves

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

there are ___ pairs of coccygeal nerves

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what part of the spinal cord has the most white matter?

A

cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what part of the spinal cord has the most gray matter?

A

lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what part of the brain has the main function of regulating voluntary and conscious activity

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what part of the brain controls things like perception, initiation, control of movement, and cognition?

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what part of the diencephalon plays a role in processing sensory information?

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

what part of the diencephalon plays a role in regulating homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what part of the diencephalon plays a role in melatonin and the regulation of some emotions?

A

epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what part of the brain’s major function is the control of movement, posture, balance, and motor learning?

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what part of the brain has the major function of regulating subconscious activity and reflexes such as heart rate and breathing?

A

brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

the cerebral cortex is made of ____ matter and has 6 layers

A

grey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

___ ____ are groups of gray matter found within the CNS

A

basal nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

basal nuclei are groups of ___ matter

A

gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what are the 2 functions of basal nuclei?

A

regulating motion and preventing unwanted movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

the plasma membrane is ____ permeable

A

selectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

what two qualities allow a substance to freely diffuse?

A

non-polar, uncharged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

how do O2, CO2, and steroids diffuse?

A

freely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

water and urea are examples of _____, _____, and ____ molecules

A

small, uncharged, polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Do ions freely diffuse?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

glucose is a ____, ____, and ____ molecule

A

large, uncharged, polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

a cell diffusing without any type of help is called ___ _____

A

simple diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

the blood brain barrier allows ____ to exit the brain and ____ to enter freely

A

CO2, O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

what makes Benadryl easily able to enter the brain and pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

very lipophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

what makes it so that Allegra is unable to pass through the blood brain barrier and make you drowsy?

A

it has similar structure to Benedryl but is more polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

when a molecule moves down its concentration gradient through a channel or transporter/carrier, this is called ___ ____

A

facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

_____ open and close and allow for molecules to pass through a pore

A

channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

_____ bind to the molecule, cause a change in shape to itself, and allow the molecule to move into the cell

A

transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

the lipid bilayer creates _____ between the intra and extra cellular fluid

A

gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

net diffusion of molecules occurs ___ a concentration gradient

A

down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

two of the most important ions to maintain the concentration gradients of are ___ and ____

A

sodium, potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

what is used to maintain levels of sodium and potassium?

A

sodium/potassium ATPase/pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

in the first step of the Na/K pump, _____ from the intracellular fluid binds to the pump

A

Na

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

what is the second step of the Na/K pump

A

the pump is phosphorylated by ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

in the third step of the Na/K pump, the pump shape changes and causes ____ to be released into the extracellular fluid

A

Na

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

in the fourth step of the Na/K pump, ____ is released from the pump into the intracellular fluid

A

K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

what is the fifth step of the Na/K pump?

A

the pump returns to the original conformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

in the final step of the Na/K pump, extracellular ___ binds to the pump and causes _____

A

K, dephosphorization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

since movement of a solute from an area of low concentration to high concentration is not energetically favorable, ___ is needed

A

ATP (an energy source)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

When ATP is needed for transport, this is called ___ _____ _____

A

primary active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

an ___ _____ refers to when there is a difference in charge between two compartments and ions move down the level of charge

A

electrical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

when there is an electrical gradient, ions move from areas of ___ charge to ____ charge

A

higher, lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

what two factors are considered when determining net movement of an ion?

A

electrical gradient, chemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

using the movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients to move other molecules against their gradient is using a ___-_____

A

co-transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

___-______ move ions at the same time in different directions

A

anti-transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

what are the two main examples of secondary active transport?

A

co-transporters, anti-transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

what is the main form of energy for primary active transport?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

what is the main form of energy for secondary active transport?

A

the energy of an ion moving down its electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

in simple diffusion, how do molecules move in relation to their concentration gradient?

A

down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

in facilitated diffusion, how do molecules move in relation to their concentration gradient?

A

down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

in primary active transport, how do molecules move in relation to their concentration gradient?

A

against

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

in secondary active transport, how do molecules move in relation to their concentration gradient?

A

against

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

is simple diffusion active or passive transport?

A

passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport?

A

passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

is primary active transport active or passive transport?

A

active

136
Q

is secondary active transport active or passive transport?

A

active

137
Q

does simple diffusion use a channel/transporter?

A

no

138
Q

does facilitated diffusion use a channel/transporter?

A

yes- transporter or channel

139
Q

does primary active transport use a channel/transporter?

A

yes- pumps

140
Q

does secondary active transport use a channel/transporter?

A

yes- antiporters or cotransporters

141
Q

what is the concentration of ECF sodium and ICF sodium?

A

145/150 mM ECF, 15 mM ICF

142
Q

what is the concentration of ECF potassium and ICF potassium?

A

5 mM ECF, 150 mM ICF

143
Q

what is the concentration of ECF calcium and ICF calcium?

A

.0002 mM ECF, 2 mM ICF

144
Q

the ___ ____ creates gradients between the intracellular and extracellular fluid

A

lipid bilayer

145
Q

the ____ fluid of a resting cell is slightly more negative

A

intracellular

146
Q

the resting membrane potential is polarized and is therefore more ____ inside compared to outside

A

negative

147
Q

what three components are needed to have a resting membrane potential?

A

concentration gradient between ICF and ECF, difference in ion permeability, action of Na/K ATPase

148
Q

the Na/K ATPase brings sodium _____ the cell and potassium _____ the cell

A

out of, into

149
Q

what type of channels have a big impact on the resting membrane potential?

A

leak potassium and sodium channels

150
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of a cell?

A

-70 mV

151
Q

what does it mean when a resting membrane potential is negative?

A

there is more negative charge on the outside than inside

152
Q

what is occurring at a cell’s equilibrium potential?

A

chemical concentration and electrical gradients are equal and opposite directions

153
Q

what equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential?

A

Nernst equation

154
Q

Eion= 60/z log [(ion)ECF/(ion)ICF] is what equation?

A

Nernst (equilibrium potential)

155
Q

what is the equilibrium potential for sodium?

A

+60 mV

156
Q

what is the equilibrium potential for potassium?

A

-90 mV

157
Q

if the membrane potential is less than equilibrium potential, what is the flow of ion movement?

A

in the direction of the concentration gradient

158
Q

if the membrane potential is greater than the equilibrium potential, what is the flow of ion movement?

A

in the direction of the electrical gradient

159
Q

what equation is used to calculate membrane potential?

A

GHK

160
Q

what does the GHK equation take into account that is not in the Nernst equation?

A

ion permeability

161
Q

the greater the number of channels and ion has into or out of a cell, the greater it’s _____

A

permeability

162
Q

where is the sensory receptor located?

A

peripheral nervous system

163
Q

where is the interneuron located?

A

central nervous system

164
Q

where is the motor neuron located?

A

peripheral nervous system

165
Q

changes in the ___ ____ of a neuron leads to the general of a neuronal signal

A

membrane potential

166
Q

____ _____ are what change the membrane potential

A

transduction channels

167
Q

what is described as the process in which a stimulus is converted into an electrical (graded) potential?

A

transduction

168
Q

where does transduction occur?

A

at sensory receptors

169
Q

what ion leads to depolarization?

A

sodium

170
Q

the graded potential of sodium makes the cell membrane more ______

A

positive

171
Q

what ion leads to hyperpolarization?

A

potassium

172
Q

the graded potential of potassium makes the cell membrane more _____

A

negative

173
Q

why are graded potential deemed graded?

A

the size of the potential is directly related to the size of the stimulus

174
Q

what transduction channel transduces a temperature stimulus into graded potential?

A

theromoreceptors

175
Q

what transduction channel transduces a chemical stimulus into graded potential?

A

chemoreceptors

176
Q

what transduction channel transduces a light stimulus into graded potential?

A

photoreceptors

177
Q

what transduction channel transduces a painful stimuli into a graded potential?

A

nociceptors

178
Q

what channels are responsible for the resting membrane potential?

A

leak channels

179
Q

what channels are responsible for graded potentials?

A

transduction

180
Q

where are transduction channels located in the neuron?

A

dendrites and sensory receptors

181
Q

where are leak channels located in the neuron?

A

all throughout

182
Q

what four characteristics are needed for sensory receptors to talk to the nervous system?

A

intensity, location, modality, duration

183
Q

does the amplitude of an action potential change?

A

no

184
Q

the greater the size of the stimulus, the more ____ the action potential is

A

frequent (frequency is what will change)

185
Q

graded potentials _____ in strength as they travel along the neuron

A

decrease

186
Q

what is the local current flow?

A

the movement of depolarization that moves throughout the neuron

187
Q

what are the three factors that determine the modality of a receptor?

A

type of transduction channel, structure that the channel is in, location of the receptor in the tissue

188
Q

what ion voltage gated channel has an inactivation gate?

A

sodium

189
Q

does the voltage gated potassium channel have an inactivation gate?

A

no

190
Q

what type of channel is responsible for action potentials

A

voltage-gated ion channels

191
Q

where are voltage-gated ion channels located in the neuron?

A

trigger zone, axons, axon terminals, between axon nodes

192
Q

both the voltage-gated potassium channel and voltage-gated sodium channel will open at what resting membrane potential?

A

-55 mV

193
Q

what voltage-gated channel opens and closes quickly?

A

sodium

194
Q

what voltage-gated channel opens and closes slowly?

A

potassium

195
Q

what are the four phases of the action potential?

A

resting, depolarizing, repolarizing, hyperpolarizing

196
Q

what phase of the action potential is known as overshoot?

A

depolarization

197
Q

what phase of the action potential is known as undershoot?

A

hyperpolarization

198
Q

what three ion channels are responsible for the resting membrane potential?

A

leak potassium, leak sodium, Na/K pump

199
Q

what channels are responsible for receptor potentials?

A

transduction

200
Q

action potentials are generated at the ____ ____

A

trigger zone (first node)

201
Q

graded potentials are generated at the ____ ____

A

sensory receptor

202
Q

voltage-gated sodium channels are known as ___ feedback

A

positive

203
Q

what is the outside factor that shuts off the voltage-gated sodium channel in the positive feedback loop?

A

inactivation gate

204
Q

what channel opens at the repolarization phase?

A

voltage-gated potassium channel

205
Q

what direction does potassium move during the repolarization phase?

A

out of the cell

206
Q

what direction does sodium move during the depolarization phase?

A

into the cell

207
Q

the voltage-gated potassium channel is an example of ____ feedback

A

negative

208
Q

why does the undershoot phase occur in the action potential?

A

potassium channel takes a long time to close

209
Q

do action potentials decay over time?

A

no

210
Q

why do action potentials not decay over time?

A

voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels are located all throughout the axon and allow for replenishment

211
Q

___ ____ only flow in one direction

A

action potentials

212
Q

_____ conduction occurs in myelinated axons

A

saltatory

213
Q

_____ ____ prevent local current leak

A

myelinated

214
Q

____conduction is faster than ____ conduction

A

saltatory, continuous

215
Q

why is the action potential slow in unmyelinated axons?

A

must wait for each section of the neuron to depolarize and generate an action potential

216
Q

all molecules have ____ energy

A

kinetic

217
Q

_____ is the random, continual movement of a substance due to a substance’s intrinsic, kinetic energy

A

diffusion

218
Q

what three factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

concentration gradients, temperature, molecular weight of the diffusing substances

219
Q

what direction does net diffusion occur?

A

from areas of high concentration to low concentration

220
Q

the greater the temperature, the ____ the rate of diffusion

A

greater

221
Q

the greater the molecular weight of the diffusing molecules, the _____ the rate of diffusion

A

slower

222
Q

what distance is diffusion the most effective at?

A

50-100 microns

223
Q

does diffusion occur faster in a liquid or gas?

A

gas- more room for movement

224
Q

glucose, urea, and salt are what type of solvents?

A

polar and hydrophilic

225
Q

fats, steroids, and gases are what type of solvents?

A

non-polar hydrophobic

226
Q

the higher the concentration of solute in a solution, the ____ the water concentration

A

lower

227
Q

the net diffusion of water down its concentration gradient is called ______

A

osmosis

228
Q

water undergoes ______ diffusion mediated by aquaporins

A

facilitated

229
Q

what is known as the number of solute particles per liter of solution?

A

osmolarity (Osm)

230
Q

how do you calculate osmolarity?

A

multiple molarity by the number of particles

231
Q

how is molarity calculated?

A

moles of solute/liters of solution

232
Q

how is total osmolarity calculated?

A

osmolarity1+osmolarity2…..

233
Q

tonicity accounts for the _____ particles in a solution

A

non-penetrating

234
Q

all cells have a baseline of ______ mOsms

A

300

235
Q

_____ is the minimal value of a variable needed to elicit physiological effect

A

threshold

236
Q

what is the description of a threshold for neurons?

A

membrane potential needed to generate an action potential

237
Q

what is the charge of the voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation gate?

A

positive

238
Q

can an action potential be generated during a refractory period?

A

no

239
Q

during what phase is the absolute refractory period?

A

repolarization

240
Q

during what phase is the relative refractory period?

A

hyperpolarization

241
Q

can another action potential be generated during the absolute refractory period?

A

no

242
Q

can another action potential be generated during the relative refractory period?

A

yes, with a large stimulus

243
Q

_____ summation is when several different neurons release neurotransmitters at the same time

A

spatial

244
Q

_____ summation occurs when one neuron fires action potentials frequency

A

temporal

245
Q

can temporal and spatial summation occur at the same time?

A

yes

246
Q

what is it called when an axon terminal synapses onto another axon terminal?

A

axo axonic synapse

247
Q

what is it called when the binding of neurotransmitters from neuron B to their receptors cause a decrease in the amount of molecule that enters the axon terminal of neuron A and reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released from neuron A?

A

presynaptic inhibition

248
Q

what is it called when the binding of neurotransmitters from neuron B to their receptors causes an increase in the amount of molecule that can enter the axon terminal of neuron A and increased the amount of neurotransmitter that neuron A can release?

A

presynaptic facilitation

249
Q

the amount of neurotransmitter that can be released goes ____ as action potential frequency increases

A

up

250
Q

______ of a sensory receptor is the opening of a transduction channel that results in a graded potential

A

activation

251
Q

_____ is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the internal or external environment

A

sensation

252
Q

______ is our brain interpretation sensations, and is called the conscious awareness, understanding, and organization that occurs in the cerebral cortex

A

perception

253
Q

in what part of the brain does perception occur?

A

cerebral cortex

254
Q

what are the three parts of the sensory system?

A

sensory receptor, neural pathways, CNS that processes information

255
Q

what are the three types of senses?

A

special, somatic, visceral

256
Q

in what two ways are the intensity of the stimulus encoded?

A

size of graded potential, frequency of action potentials

257
Q

what are taste receptors an example of ?

A

modality of stimulus

258
Q

___ ____ _refer to the area in which sensory receptors present on primary sensory neurons will respond to a stimulus

A

receptive fields

259
Q

what kind of information is conveyed by receptive fields?

A

location of visual and somatic stimuli

260
Q

what three factors determine the acuity of receptor fields?

A

size/density of the receptor field, whether primary sensory neurons converge, lateral inhibition

261
Q

the smaller the receptive field, the ____ densely packed the sensory receptor is

A

more

262
Q

____ receptive fields have low acuity

A

large

263
Q

there is a ____ sense of acuity in smaller receptive fields

A

greater

264
Q

what is the determining factor if you have the ability to discriminate between 2 stimuli?

A

whether primary sensory neurons converge

265
Q

___-_____ ______ refers to how readily 2 stimuli can be distinguished from one another

A

two-point discrimination

266
Q

_____ inhibition helps define the edges of a stimulus

A

lateral

267
Q

what is regulated by presynaptic inhibition?

A

amount of neurotransmitter released at the synapse

268
Q

how is presynaptic inhibition accomplished?

A

regulation of the amount of molecule released

269
Q

what is regulated by postsynaptic inhibition?

A

membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron

270
Q

how is postsynaptic inhibition accomplished?

A

presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that causes the membrane potential to become more negative and make reaching threshold harder

271
Q

what occurs with a sensory neuron that is able to adapt to a persistent stimulus?

A

no longer perceive the stimulus

272
Q

what type of stimulus adaptation is associated with senses that must be constantly monitored such as blood pressure?

A

adapt very slowly

273
Q

rapidly adapting receptors are best suited for signaling when a stimulus ______

A

changes

274
Q

where do somatosensory pathways lead to?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

275
Q

what are the 4 senses that are conveyed by the dorsal column pathway?

A

pressure, proprioception, vibration, touch

276
Q

where does the primary neuron synapse with the secondary neuron in the dorsal column pathway?

A

meduall

277
Q

where does the secondary neuron cross sides of the body in the dorsal column pathway?

A

medulla

278
Q

where in the brain does the secondary neuron synapse with the tertiary neuron in the dorsal column pathway?

A

thalamus

279
Q

what four senses are conveyed in the anterolateral pathway?

A

pain, itch, temperature, tickle

280
Q

where in the body does the secondary neuron cross the body in the anterolateral pathway?

A

spinal cord

281
Q

where in the brain does the secondary neuron synapse with the tertiary neuron in the anterolateral pathway?

A

thalamus

282
Q

what is sensory homunculus?

A

visualizing strength of sensation via size of body parts

283
Q

what are the 3 types of somatic sense?

A

tactile, pain, proprioception

284
Q

what type of somatic sense includes sensation of touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, and temperature?

A

tactile

285
Q

what type of somatic sense includes receptors that respond to mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli associated with tissue damage?

A

pain

286
Q

what type of somatic sense includes the ability to know where our limbs are and how they are moving?

A

proprioception

287
Q

what are the main type of proprioceptors in skeletal muscle?

A

muscle spindles

288
Q

what are the 3 types of nociceptors?

A

mechanical, thermal, polymodal

289
Q

what do nociceptors detect?

A

pain

290
Q

what type of nociceptor detects intense mechanical stimuli such as pinch or puncture?

A

mechanical

291
Q

what type of nociceptor detects extreme changes in temperature?

A

thermal

292
Q

what type of nociceptor detects multiple modalities, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli?

A

polymodal

293
Q

what are the 2 pathways for pain?

A

spinal, ascending

294
Q

what type of pain pathway is responsible for unconscious, protective responses?

A

spinal

295
Q

what type of pain pathway is responsible for conscious awareness of pain sensations?

A

ascending

296
Q

____ reflexes are responsible for unconscious protective responses

A

spinal

297
Q

__ ____ is a peptide that acts like a neurotransmitter for pain

A

substance P

298
Q

____ pain results in activation of nociceptors in the internal organs

A

visceral

299
Q

why is visceral pain felt in other areas of the body?

A

somatic and visceral sensory neurons converge on the same second order neuron

300
Q

____ ____ is when pain in one area is also felt in another

A

referred pain

301
Q

what is the body’s system of pain suppression?

A

endogenous analgesia system

302
Q

what happens when the opioid produced by our body (enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins) bind to opioid receptors?

A

reduced released of substance P, generates postsynaptic potential

303
Q

what type of inhibition is the endogenous analgesia system reducing the release of substance P a part of?

A

pre-synaptic

304
Q

what is generated by exogenous opioids?

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

305
Q

how does lidocaine work in reducing/eliminating the sensation of pain in specific area?

A

inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels and preventing action potentials

306
Q

where does crossing over occur in the dorsal column pathway?

A

medulla

307
Q

what senses are conveyed by the dorsal column pathway?

A

pressure, proprioception, vibration, touch

308
Q

what senses are conveyed by the anterolateral pathway (spinothalamic)?

A

pain, itch, temperature, tickle

309
Q

where does the neuron crossover in the anterolateral pathway?

A

spinal cord

310
Q

where in the spinal cord does the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

A

brainstem, sacral

311
Q

what nervous system is associated with rest and digest?

A

parasympathetics

312
Q

where in the spinal cord does the sympathetic nervous system originate?

A

thoracic, lumbar

313
Q

what nervous system is associated with fight or flight?

A

sympathetic

314
Q

what nervous system is found within the walls of the gut?

A

enteric

315
Q

somatic neurons release _____

A

acetylcholine

316
Q

what does acetylcholine bind to?

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

317
Q

what is the effector of the somatic motor system?

A

skeletal muscle

318
Q

what happens when acetylcholine binds to its receptor?

A

skeletal muscle contraction

319
Q

___ motor pathways involve two motor neurons

A

autonomic

320
Q

both the pre and postganglionic neurons of the ____ nervous system release acetylcholine

A

parasympathetic

321
Q

what nervous system would decrease heart rate and increase gastric motility?

A

parasympathetics

322
Q

what is released by the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetics?

A

acl

323
Q

what is released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetics?

A

norepinephrine

324
Q

what is the name of the receptor for norepinephrine?

A

adrenergic

325
Q

what nervous system would increase heart rate and decrease gastric motility?

A

sympathetic

326
Q

where in the brain would you find the primary visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe

327
Q

what photoreceptor is less sensitive to light, responsible for vision at higher levels of light, and has high visual acuity for color vision?

A

cones

328
Q

what photoreceptor is very sensitive to light, responsible for vision at low levels of light, and has low visual acuity?

A

rods

329
Q

where in the eye is the sharpest sense of site located?

A

fovea

330
Q

what is the area of the eye where the blind spot is located?

A

optic disc

331
Q

___ ___ _____ is where right and left visual fields overlap

A

binocular visual field

332
Q

the ability to discriminate between 2 stimuli depends on what?

A

whether primary sensory neurons converge

333
Q

what four cues can determine object depth?

A

shadows, if objects “seem larger”, objects blocking each other, clarity of objects

334
Q

there are less leak ____ channels than ____ channels

A

sodium, potassium

335
Q
A

Human Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions