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Human Physiology > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

how is pH regulated?

A

exhalation of CO2

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2
Q

what three things do the lungs do to prepare air for entrance into the body?

A

warm to body temp, add water vapor, filter foreign material

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3
Q

the CO2 we exhale is a byproduct of what?

A

fat or sugar breakdown

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4
Q

cells use oxygen to make what?

A

ATP

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5
Q

what are the two roles of pleural fluid?

A

lubrication, chest wall sticking to lungs

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6
Q

the chest wall wants to pull the lung ____

A

outwards

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7
Q

the lung tissue wants to pull the lung ____

A

inwards

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8
Q

___ ____ is related to the inward pull from the lung tissue

A

elastic recoil

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9
Q

the ___ ___ of the secondary bronchi allow for contraction and closing

A

smooth mucle

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10
Q

what is the major structure of the secondary bronchi?

A

cartilage plate

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11
Q

what is the innermost layer of the secondary bronchi?

A

mucosa

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12
Q

the fluid layer in the cilia (pericilliary fluid) helps cilia do what?

A

stand straight

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13
Q

what part of the lung makes it a hostile environment?

A

cilia

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14
Q

the ____ zone is from the trachea to the bronchioles

A

conducting

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15
Q

does gas exchange occur in the conducting zone?

A

no

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16
Q

the ____ zone is the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs

A

respiratory

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17
Q

what is the primary surface for gas exchange?

A

alveolar sacs

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18
Q

what cells synthesize surfactant?

A

type 2 alveolar

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19
Q

what type of cells facilitate gas exchange by creating a shorter distance for gases to travel?

A

type 1 alveolar

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20
Q

what is the immune cell of the lungs?

A

alveolar macrophage

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21
Q

what are the 3 adaptations for gas exchange?

A

large surface area, thin diffusion barrier, stable gradients

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22
Q

why is the concentration of CO2 low in the lungs?

A

to allow CO2 to flow from blood into the lungs so it can be exhaled out

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23
Q

if you increase surface area, you ____ diffusion rate

A

increase

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24
Q

surfactant _____ pressure in smaller alveoli

A

increases

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25
Q

surfactant _____ surface tension in smaller alveoli

A

lowers

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26
Q

surfactant ____ the formation of H bonds between water molecules in the alveoli

A

decreases

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27
Q

surfactant breaks some of the H bonds in the thin layer of fluid which makes the lungs easier to _____

A

inflate (more compliant)

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28
Q

pressure inside of a bubble formed by a fluid film is the function of what two factors?

A

surface tension, radius

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29
Q

air moves from ___ alveoli to ___ alveoli

A

small, large

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30
Q

what law relates radius and surface tension?

A

Law of LaPlace

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31
Q

according to the Law of LaPlace, if two bubbles have the same surface tension, the ____ bubble will have higher pressure

A

smaller

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32
Q

why don’t small alveoli collapse into the big alveoli?

A

surfactant decreases surface tension, pressure is equalized

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33
Q

___ and ____ in the lungs increase elastic recoil

A

elastin, collagen

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34
Q

emphysema is a disease of ____ compliance

A

high

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35
Q

fibrosis is a disease of ___ compliance

A

low

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36
Q

do changes in airway diameters affect compliance or elastic recoil?

A

no

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37
Q

____ is related to the lungs ability to inhale

A

compliance

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38
Q

___ ____ is related to the lungs ability to exhale

A

elastic recoil

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39
Q

_____ Law is related to airway resistance

A

Poiseulille’s

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40
Q

resistance to flow is proportional to what two things?

A

length, viscosity (these remain constant)

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41
Q

resistance to flow is inverse to what factor?

A

radius

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42
Q

___ is the biggest factor in determining resistance to flow

A

radius

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43
Q

parasympathetics neurons, histamine, and leukotrienes lead to ____

A

bronchoconstriction

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44
Q

carbon dioxide and epinephrine lead to _____

A

bronchodilation

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45
Q

___ ___ ___ occurs to maximize gas exchange

A

ventilation perfusion matching

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46
Q

if ventilation _____ in a group of alveoli, PCO2 increases and PO2 decreases

A

decreases

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47
Q

if ventilation decreases in a group of alveoli, what happens to the blood flowing past?

A

does not get oxygenated

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48
Q

what is hypoxic vasoconstriction?

A

if group of alveoli is underventilated, arterioles leading to it constrict and divert to alveoli that are better ventilated

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49
Q

afterload ____ if you have too much vasoconstriction

A

increases

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50
Q

what long-term consequence occurs if there is too much vasoconstriction for too long?

A

right-sided heart failure

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51
Q

atmospheric and alveolar pressure at rest

A

equal at 760 mmHg

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52
Q

at rest, what is the intrapleural pressure?

A

substmospheric (O2 wants to move into lungs)

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53
Q

what happens to the alveolar pressure during inhalation?

A

decreases (subatmospheric) to make pressure gradient

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54
Q

what happens to the alveolar pressure during exhalation?

A

increases to make pressure gradient to push CO2 out of the lungs

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55
Q

what happens to the alveolar pressure during inhalation?

A

decreases

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56
Q

what happens to the alveolar pressure during exhalation?

A

increases

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57
Q

describe the pressures and volumes of atmospheric and alveolar at rest?

A

equal

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58
Q

what are the four characteristics that contribute to ease of inflation?

A

airway resistance (i.e. mouth vs nose breathing), surface tension, compliance, elastance

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59
Q

inadequate ____ decreases compliance

A

surfactant

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60
Q

what are the mechanical events of breathing?

A

contraction (inhalation) and relaxation (exhalation) of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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61
Q

what event is caused by the mechanical event of breathing?

A

volume event (increase or decrease alveolar volume)

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62
Q

what is caused by the volume event of breathing?

A

pressure event (increase or decrease in alveolar pressure)

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63
Q

what is caused by the pressure event of breating?

A

development of a pressure gradient

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64
Q

air will move until it reaches what?

A

equilibrium

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65
Q

Boyle’s law relates what factors?

A

volume and pressure

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66
Q

breathing steps of a lung at rest

A

-no mechanical
-no volume change
-no pressure change
-no gradient formation
-no net air movement

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67
Q

breathing steps of inspiration

A

-diaphragm contracts
-increased volume
-decreased pressure
-gradient moves air into the lungs
-net movement of air into the lungs

68
Q

breathing steps of exhalation

A

-diaphragm relaxes
-decreased volume
-increased pressure
-gradient moves air out of the lungs
-net movement of air out of the lungs

69
Q

what is measured by spirometry?

A

air moving in and out of lungs

70
Q

what is not measured by spirometry?

A

residual volume

71
Q

___ ____ is the amount of air that you take in during a normal breath

A

tidal volume

72
Q

___ ____ is the total amount of air moving in and out of the lungs per minute

A

minute ventilation

73
Q

how is minute ventilation calculated?

A

tidal volume*respiratory rate

74
Q

___ ____ is the amount of air that is available for gas exchange

A

alveolar ventilation

75
Q

how is alveolar ventilation calculated?

A

(tidal volume-deadspace) * respiratory rate

76
Q

what is respiratory rate?

A

breaths per minute

77
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

mL/breath

78
Q

volume versus capacity

A

volume is one, capacity is many

79
Q

how do positive pressure ventilators work?

A

increase atmospheric pressure to create pressure gradient between lungs and air, air moves into lungs, then decrease atmospheric pressure to expel air from lungs

80
Q

how many oxygen binding sites are on a hemoglobin?

A

4

81
Q

what are the two means that O2 travels in the blood?

A

dissolved, bound to hemoglobin

82
Q

what is the way that most of the O2 travels through blood?

A

bounds to hemoglobin in the RBC

83
Q

___ _____ is the percentage of available binding spots on a hemoglobin occupied by O2

A

hemoglobin saturation

84
Q

what is alveoli PO2 on the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?

A

100

85
Q

what is the PO2 of a resting cell on the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?

A

40

86
Q

what is happening to the bond of oxygen and hemoglobin in a leftward shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?

A

increased bonding

87
Q

what is happening to the bond of oxygen and hemoglobin in a rightward shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?

A

release of bonds

88
Q

what is more common, left or right shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?

A

right (release)

89
Q

direction of shift on oxygen-hemoglobin curve: high blood pH

A

left

90
Q

direction of shift on oxygen-hemoglobin curve: low blood pH

A

right

91
Q

direction of shift on oxygen-hemoglobin curve: low blood PCO2

A

left

92
Q

direction of shift on oxygen-hemoglobin curve: high blood PCO2

A

right

93
Q

direction of shift on oxygen-hemoglobin curve: low temperature

A

left

94
Q

direction of shift on oxygen-hemoglobin curve: high temperature

A

right

95
Q

direction of shift on oxygen-hemoglobin curve: no BPG

A

left

96
Q

direction of shift on oxygen-hemoglobin curve: high BPG

A

right

97
Q

BPG is a byproduct of what?

A

metabolism

98
Q

what happens to O2 and CO2 during hypoventilation?

A

O2 falls, CO2 rises

99
Q

what happens to O2 and CO2 during hyperventilation?

A

O2 rises, CO2 falls

100
Q

what is the rate of normal ventilation?

A

4.2 L/min

101
Q

what are the pressures of the alveoli and plasma prior to blood oxygenation?

A

100 mmHg in alveoli, 40 mmHg in plasma (resting cell)

102
Q

what is bound content?

A

number of hemoglobin molecules * percent saturation

103
Q

what is total content?

A

dissolved content + bound content (aka total amount of oxygen you have in blood)

104
Q

respiratory control system is ____ feedback

A

negative

105
Q

respiratory control system: controlled variable

A

PaO2, PaCO2

106
Q

respiratory control system: sensor

A

chemoreceptors

107
Q

respiratory control system: input

A

afferent nerves

108
Q

respiratory control system: control center

A

respiratory control center (medulla, pons)

109
Q

respiratory control system: output

A

somatic motor nerves

110
Q

respiratory control system: effectors

A

intercostal muscles, diaphragm

111
Q

respiratory control system: response

A

increased muscle contraction

112
Q

respiratory control system: result of the negative feedback

A

increased PaO2 to normal

113
Q

what do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

changes in CO2 only

114
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

changes in CO2, O2, pH

115
Q

where are the medulla and pons located?

A

brainstem

116
Q

which intercostals are related to inspiration?

A

external

117
Q

what intercostals are related to expiration?

A

internal

118
Q

the ___ fine tunes control of breathing

A

pons

119
Q

the ___ is the major control center for breathing

A

medulla

120
Q

part of the medulla responsible for inspiratory (quiet) respiration

A

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

121
Q

part of the medulla responsible for expiratory (forceful) ventilation

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

122
Q

part of the medulla responsible for pacemaking via spontaneous depolarization

A

pre-botzinger complex

123
Q

what is the pre-botzinger complex a part of?

A

the ventral respiratory group (VRG)

124
Q

the amount of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin is determined by what?

A

the amount of oxygen in the dissolved

125
Q

what two factors influence the total number of binding sites for oxygen on hemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin content per RBC, number of RBCs (i.e. anemic, bleeding)

126
Q

what is the determining factor of percent saturation of hemoglobin?

A

how much/quality of air to the alveolous

127
Q

_____ content is determined by how and what you breath

A

dissolved

128
Q

____ content is dissolved plus bound

A

total

129
Q

____ content is determined by the number of RBCs and number of binding sites

A

bound

130
Q

what determines saturation?

A

percent of binding sites occupied

131
Q

does saturation depend on amount of hemoglobin/RBCs?

A

no

132
Q

flow of CO2 out of the body:

A

cells, blood, heart, lungs

133
Q

7% of CO2 is where?

A

dissolved in plasma

134
Q

23% of CO2 is where?

A

bound to hemoglobin

135
Q

70% of CO2 undergoes what?

A

conversion into bicarbonate and then dissolved into the plasma

136
Q

why is 70% of CO2 converted into bicarbonate (HCO3-)?

A

bicarbonate is more soluble

137
Q

what is the weak acid made when CO2 and H2O come together?

A

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

138
Q

what is the biproduct of H2CO3 (weak, carbonic acid) breaking down?

A

H+, HCO3- (bicarbonate)

139
Q

what is the resting cell CO2 level?

A

46 mmHg

140
Q

where does bicarbonate go once it enters the dissolved/plasma?

A

lungs

141
Q

why is bicarbonate transported to the lungs after diffusing into the plasma/dissolved?

A

maintain neutrality

142
Q

what is the unique ability of carbonic anhydrase?

A

catalyzes reaction in both directions

143
Q

what are the two locations of baroreceptors?

A

carotid, aortic arch

144
Q
A
145
Q

____ _____ ______ is the air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal breath

A

inspiratory reserve volume

146
Q

____ _____ ____ is the air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath

A

expiratory reserve volume

147
Q

__ ____ is the maximum air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation

A

residual volume

148
Q

__ ___ ____ is the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume, i.e. what is left in the lungs after a normal exhale

A

functional residual capacity

149
Q

what makes up the vital capacity?

A

IRV, TV, ERV

150
Q

what makes up the inspiratory capacity?

A

IRV, TV

151
Q

what makes up the total lung capacity?

A

everything combined: IRV, TV, ERV, RV

152
Q

how do you calculate residual volume?

A

total lung capacity (TLC) - vital capacity (VC)

153
Q

is ATP consumed during inhalation or exhalation?

A

inhalation

154
Q

central chemoreceptors sense changes to CO2 in the ____ component

A

dissolved

155
Q

what activates the central chemoreceptor with CO2 is high?

A

release of H+ ions

156
Q

why can’t H+ ions from the cerebral capillary enter the CSF?

A

is charged so needs a channel

157
Q

what are the two locations of peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

aortic arch, carotid body

158
Q

steps of peripheral chemoreceptor reaction to low PO2

A

-K channels close
-cell depolarizes
-voltage-gated Ca channels open
-neurotransmitter released

159
Q

what stimulates increased ventilation?

A

decreased O2, increased CO2, increased pH due to the increased CO2

160
Q

what is normal plasma PO2?

A

100 mmHg

161
Q

at what pressure of O2 does increased ventilation occur?

A

around 60

162
Q

CO2 is ___ to pressure changes:

A

sensitive

163
Q

what are the 3 ways to blood dope?

A

-injections of EPO
-injections of synthetic oxygen carriers
-transfusions with whole blood

164
Q

what is the goal of blood doping?

A

increase RBC to increase bound

165
Q

why is CO the silent killer?

A

body has no receptors for CO, does not know there is an issue

166
Q

why does CO decrease oxygen levels?

A

outcompetes oxygen for binding spots on hemoglobin

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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