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Human Physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

a ____ is a chemical substance secreted by a group of cells into body fluids (blood) that has a physiological effect on other cells that express the receptor

A

hormone

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2
Q

hormones are potent in small concentrations due to ____

A

amplification

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3
Q

what is it called when hormones work with other hormones to elicit a cellular response?

A

hormone-hormone interaction

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4
Q

what type of hormone-hormone interaction is when one hormone initiates a small response on it’s own, but exposure to another hormone causes a greater response

A

permissive hormones

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5
Q

what type of hormone-hormone interaction is this: epinephrine weakly stimulates lipolysis, but in the presence of T3 and T4, lipolysis is strongly stimulated

A

permissive hormones

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6
Q

this hormone-hormone interactions works by increasing the number of receptors on the target cell which results in a larger response

A

permissive hormones

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7
Q

what type of hormone-hormone interaction is where one hormone has a small effect and a second hormone has a small effect but when released together, their effects are greater than the sum of the individual hormones

A

synergistic

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8
Q

what type of hormone-hormone interaction is this: glucogon and epinephrine work to increase blood glucose on their own, but together they can rise glucose even more than the sum of the two individual hormones

A

synergistic

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9
Q

this hormone-hormone interactions works by amplification of a second messenger system

A

synergistic

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10
Q

what type of hormone-hormone interaction is where one hormone opposed the actions of another hormone

A

antagonistic

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11
Q

what type of hormone-hormone interaction is this: insulin and glucogon have opposing effects

A

antagonistic

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of hormones?

A

steroid and protein

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13
Q

steroid hormones are ____ derivative

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

steroid hormones ____ through membranes

A

dissolve

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15
Q

what type of hormone is slow acting and long lasting?

A

steroid

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16
Q

what hormone type has a long half life of hours to days?

A

steroid

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17
Q

how are steroid proteins transported?

A

in the blood by a protein

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18
Q

protein carriers shield the steroid hormone from ___

A

degradation

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19
Q

hormones must ____ from the carrier to bind to the receptor

A

unbind

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20
Q

where are the receptors for steroid hormones located?

A

intracellular

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21
Q

what is the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

A

initiate cellular transcription

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22
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that coverts testosterone to estradiol?

A

aromatase

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23
Q

___ hormones dissolve in the plasma so no carrier is required

A

protein

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24
Q

what type of protein is fast acting and short lasting?

A

protein

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25
Q

protein hormones have a ___ half life

A

short

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26
Q

how are protein hormones transported?

A

carried dissolved in the blood

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27
Q

protein hormones are susceptible to ___ ____ by enzymes found in the blood

A

rapid degeneration

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28
Q

where are the receptors located for protein hormones?

A

plasma membrane

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29
Q

what is the mechanism of action for protein hormones?

A

binds plasma membrane receptors to second messenger system

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30
Q

what are the 2 reasons a second messenger system is used?

A

activation at each step activates larger number of protein, amplification allows a small amount of protein hormones to have a large cellular effect

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31
Q

is there new protein synthesis in the mechanisms of protein hormones?

A

no, they are already made and sitting in the cytoplasm

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32
Q

what activates the cascade in the protein hormone pathway/second messenger response?

A

the binding of the hormone to it’s receptor

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33
Q

___ kinase can phosphorylate ____ proteins in seconds, quickly amplifying a signal

A

one, many

34
Q

hormones travel in the blood until the reach a ___ ____

A

capillary bed

35
Q

what is an endocrine cell?

A

any cell that puts hormones into the blood

36
Q

____ is the ability of a target cell to respond to a hormone

A

sensitivity

37
Q

sensitivity is a reflection of what?

A

number of receptors

38
Q

___ regulation decreases receptor expression and decreases sensitivity

A

down

39
Q

_____ regulation increases receptor expression and increases sensitivity

A

up

40
Q

chronic stress and GH receptor is an example of ___ regulation

A

down

41
Q

exercise and insulin receptors is an example of ___ regulation

A

up

42
Q

the ___ ___ is an extension of the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

43
Q

the hormones released from the ___ pituitary are released directly into the bloodstream

A

posterior

44
Q

the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are connected by the ___ ___ _____

A

hypothalamic portal system

45
Q

the anterior pituitary has a set of hormone secreting cells that are sensitive to what?

A

hormones secreted from the hypothalamus

46
Q

in response to hypothalamic hormones, the anterior pituitary releases what?

A

hormones into the bloodstream

47
Q

does the posterior pituitary synthesize hormones?

A

no

48
Q

neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus can produce what two hormones?

A

oxytocin, ADH

49
Q

what pituitary is a two tiered system?

A

posterior

50
Q

what pituitary is a three tiered system?

A

anterior

51
Q

what category of hormones are released from the hypothalamus (tier 1)?

A

releasing

52
Q

what category of hormones are released from the anterior pituitary (tier 2)?

A

stimulating

53
Q

how do hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary?

A

portal system

54
Q

what is tier 3 of the anterior pituitary?

A

delivery of hormones to the target endocrine gland

55
Q

increase in peripheral hormones inhibits release of what?

A

both releasing hormone and stimulating hormone

56
Q

increasing stimulating hormone does what to releasing hormone?

A

inhibits release

57
Q

___ hormones are stimulating hormones that target other glands and result in the release of a second/peripheral hormone

A

tropic

58
Q

___ hormones are secreted from the pituitary and do not elicit secretion of a new hormone

A

direct

59
Q

what are the 3 hormones released in the negative feedback of cortisol?

A

CRH, ACTH, cortisol

60
Q

where is CRH released from in the stress response?

A

hypothalamus

61
Q

where is ACTH released from in the stress response?

A

anterior pituitary

62
Q

where is cortisol released from in the stress hormone?

A

adrenal gland

63
Q

what are the 3 roles of cortisol in the body?

A

stimulate gluconeogenesis, raise blood pressure, anti-inflammatory

64
Q

is ACTH tropic or direct?

A

tropic

65
Q

what are the 3 hormones released in the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone?

A

TRH, TSH, T3/T4

66
Q

where is TRH released from in regulation of thyroid horomone?

A

hypothalamus

67
Q

where is TSH released from in regulation of thyroid hormone?

A

anterior pituitary

68
Q

where are T3/T4 released from in regulation of thyroid hormone?

A

thyroid

69
Q

what are the 4 functions of T3/T4 in the body?

A

regulate BMR, enhance epinephrine, regulate growth of nervous tissue, aid in overall growth

70
Q

if tier 1 is activated, what always happens to tier 2?

A

becomes activated

71
Q

if tier 2 is activated, what always happens to tier 3?

A

becomes activated

72
Q

what two hormones are involved in the negative feedback of growth hormone?

A

GHRH, GH

73
Q

what is the direct hormone result of GH?

A

metabolic switch

74
Q

what is the trophic hormone result of GH?

A

liver causing release of IGF-1

75
Q

what will hypoglycemia, decreased plasma fatty acids, and deep sleep do to the growth hormone pathway?

A

turn it on

76
Q

what will hyperglycemia, increased plasma fatty acids, decreased blood levels of amino acids, and high blood levels of GH and IGFs do to the growth hormone pathway?

A

turn it off

77
Q

what occurs during metabolic switch?

A

body stops using glucose as main source of energy and starts using fats

78
Q

____ hormone promotes growth and development of bones, neurons, and other tissues

A

IGF-1

79
Q

what happens to the growth plate/epiphyseal plate after puberty?

A

seals and calcifies to reach adult height

80
Q

how are proteins turned on in the second messenger response?

A

phosphorylated

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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