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Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

The process that results in genetically identical offspring from 1 parent

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2
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Faster
  • More energy efficent
  • Only 1 parent required
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3
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Limited Genetic Diversity
  • Cant Adapt
  • Overpopulation
  • Disease is likely to affect the whole population
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4
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

The production of two genetically different offspring from the fusion of the nuclei from two gametes

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5
Q

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Genetic Diversity
  • Adaptation
  • Diseases are less likely to impact
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6
Q

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Two parents required
  • Fewer offspring produced
  • Takes time and energy to find mates
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7
Q

Fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nucleus of male and female gametes.

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8
Q

Gametes

A

A gamete is a sex cell (in animals: sperm and ovum; in plants pollen nucleus and ovum)

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9
Q

Adaptations of Sperm

A
  • Has Tail (enables it to swim)
  • Contains enzymes in the acrosome (To digest through the jelly coat of the egg cell)
  • Contains many mitochondria (provides energy from respiration)
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10
Q

Adaptations of Egg

A
  • Cytoplasm (provides energy to divide the zygote)
  • Jelly Coating (prevents too many sperm from getting to the egg at the same time)
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11
Q

Sepal

A

Protect unopened plant/flower

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12
Q

Petal

A

Often large and colored: to attract insects

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13
Q

Anther

A

Produces and releases pollen (male sex cell)

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14
Q

Stigma

A

Sticky surface of the ovary which collects pollen grains

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15
Q

Ovary

A

Contains ovum (female sex cell)

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16
Q

Ovule

A

develops into seed when fertilised

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17
Q

Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

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18
Q

Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

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19
Q

Self-Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or different flower of the same plant

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20
Q

Cross-Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

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21
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Pollination

A

↑ chance of fertilisation and successful pollination
↓ time taken
↓ variation in offspring
↓ adaptability to environment

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22
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Pollination

A

↓ chance of fertilisation and successful pollination
↑ time taken
↑ variation in offspring
↑ adaptability to environment

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23
Q

Germination

A

the start of plant growth from a seed

24
Q

What is needed for a successful germination?

A
  • Water = To hydrate and mobilise enzymes
  • Warmth = To enable enzymes to work
  • Oxygen = For aerobic respiration to supply energy for growth
25
Q

Testis

A

Produces testosterone,
Contained in scrotum

26
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac supporting the testes outside the body to ensure sperm is kept at room temp

27
Q

Sperm Duct

A

Sperm passes through the duct to be mixed with fluids before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation

28
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Produces Semen

29
Q

Urethra

A

Tube running down the centre of the penis to carry semen or urine

30
Q

Penis

A

Passes urine out of body from bladder
Allow semen to be passed into vagina

31
Q

Oviduct

A

Connects the ovary to the uterus and is where fertilisation occurs

32
Q

Ovary

A

Contains ova which will mature and develop when hormones are released

33
Q

Uterus

A

Where the zygote will be implanted to develop into a foetus

34
Q

Cervix

A

Keeps the fetus in place during pregnancy

35
Q

Vagina

A

Where the penis will enter and where sperm will be deposited during intercourse

36
Q

What are necessary conditions needed for a foetus to grow within a womb?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Warmth
  • Nutrients
  • Waste Removal
37
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

allows the exchange of substances between the foetus and the mother through the cord.

38
Q

Placenta

A
  • allows for exchange between the mother and foetus
  • separates mother’s blood supply from the foetus’ blood supply
39
Q

Amniotic Sac

A

Surrounds the foetus and produces amniotic fluid

40
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

protects the fetus

41
Q

How often does a menstrual cycle happen and last?

A

The menstrual cycle happens approximately every 28 days and lasts around 5 - 7 days.

42
Q

What happens on day 1-4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation

43
Q

What causes menstruation?

A

Failure to fertilise the egg causes menstruation, caused by the breakdown of the thickened uterus lining.

44
Q

What happens on day 4-14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus lining grows in order to prepare for ovulation

45
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation (egg is released from ovaries)

46
Q

What happens on day 14-28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining is maintained

47
Q

FSH

A

triggers the egg maturation, and also stimulates oestrogen production in the ovaries.

48
Q

LH

A

Stimulates ovulation at its peak, and, results in the formation of corpus luteum

49
Q

Progestrone

A

responsible for maintaining the thick uterus lining and inhibits FSH & LH production

50
Q

Oestrogen

A
  • Main female sex hormone
  • Development of secondary sexual characteristics in females and controls menstrual cycle
51
Q

What is a sexually transmitted disease/infection (STD/STI)

A

a infection caused through unprotected intercourse, which can lead to transfer of pathogens via exchange of body fluids

52
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency disease

53
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

54
Q

Methods of STI/STD Transmission

A
  • Unprotected intercourse
  • Sharing needles
  • Blood Product
  • Mother to fetus via placenta
55
Q

Methods of STI/STD Prevention

A
  • Not having unprotected intercourse
  • Limiting no. of sexual partners
  • Getting tested if above 2 happen
  • Raising awareness
56
Q

How does HIV impact the immune system

A

HIV destroys the body’s immune system by attacking lymphocytes in the blood system, as a result, the number of lymphocytes decreases, which can lead to the WBC having a reduced ability to produce antibiotics and, therefore, compromised immunity.

57
Q

Why vaccine is ineffective/Why is HIV uncurable

A

HIV is incurable because a vaccine only boosts your immune system, but because, HIV destroys your immune system, there will be no use of vaccine

Biology (9 decks)

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