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Coordination & Response Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Nervous Systems

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
* brain & spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
* all the nerves in the body

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2
Q

Function of Nervous Systems

A
  • Make sense of our surroundings and respond to them
  • Coordinate and regulate body functions
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3
Q

Types of Neurones

A
  • Sensory Neurone
  • carries impulses from sense organs to the CNS (brain or spinal cord)
  • Motor Neurone
  • carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
  • Relay Neurone
  • are found inside the CNS and connect sensory and motor neurones
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4
Q

Voluntary Response

A

a response in which you consciously choose to carry out a specific action; as a result, it begins in your brain

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5
Q

Involuntary/Reflex Response

A

a response which is not coordinated by the brain, and you are not aware that you have finished it until after you have carried it out.

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6
Q

The Reflex Arc

A

Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neurone → Relay Neurone → Motor Neurone → Effector → Response

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7
Q

Reflex Action

A

A rapid response to a stimulus by an effector (muscle or gland)

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8
Q

Synapse

A

A junction at which 2 neurones meet

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9
Q

How an impulse is transmitted between 2 neurones?

A

….

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10
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

An electrical signal that passes along nerve cells (neurons)

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11
Q

What are sense organs?

A

Organs that contain a group of receptors that detect changes in the environment/ respond to specific stimuli

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12
Q

The Eye

A

a sense organ that detects light

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13
Q

Cornea

A

transparent lens that refracts light as it enters the eye

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14
Q

Iris

A

controls how light enters the eye

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15
Q

Pupil

A

the hole in the middle of the iris that lets light into the eye

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16
Q

Lens

A

transparent lens that can shape to focus light onto the retina

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17
Q

Retina

A

contains light receptor cells
* RODS - detect light intensity
* CONES - detect color

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18
Q

Fovea

A

a section in the middle of the retina which contains a large amount of cone cells

19
Q

Optic Nerve

A

sensory neurone that carries impulses between eye and brain

21
Q

Pupil Reflex

A

This is a reflex action carried out to protect the retina from damage in bright light and protect us from not seeing objects in dim light

21
Q

In Bright Light

A
  • Photoreceptors detect change in environment (bright)
  • Radial muscles relax and Circular Muslces contract
  • Pupil constricts and less light enters the eye
22
Q

Accomodation

A

Ability to focus objects at different distances onto the retina

23
Q

Blind Spot

A

At the point where the optic nerve joins the retina, there are no light-sensitive rod and cone cells on that part of the retina

24
Q

Myopia

A

A defect of vision in which a person can see nearby objects clearly but cant see distant objects clearly because the image is formed infront of the retina

25
Cause & Correction of Myopia
CAUSE: increase in curvature of eye lens and length of eyeball CORRECTION: Use of concave lens
26
Hypermetropia
A defetc of vision in which a person can see distant objects clearly but cant see nearby objects clearly because the image is formed behind of the retina
27
Cause & Correction of Hypermetropia
CAUSE: decrease in curvature of eye lens and length of eyeball CORRECTION: use of convex lens
28
What is a hormone?
A chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland/organ in the body & carried to the blood to affect another organ in the body
29
Where is adrenaline secreted and what is it's role and effect?
* Adrenal Gland * Readies the body for "Fight or Flight" response * Increases heart and breathing rate and pupil dilation
30
Where is insulin secreted and what is it's role and effect?
* Pancreas * Lowers blood glucose levels * Causes the excess glucose in the blood to be converted into glycogen
31
Role of Insulin
* Is secreted into the blood at times when blood glucose levels are high * Temporarily converts excess glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscles, &, several hours later is converted back when blood glucose levels have lowered due to high levels of respiration in tissues
32
Where is testosterone secreted and what is it's role and effect?
* Testes * Main male sex hormone * Development of secondary sexual characteristics in males
33
Where is oestrogen secreted and what is it's role and effect?
* Ovaries * Main female sex hormone * Development of secondary sexual characteristics in females and controls menstrual cycle
34
Negative Feedback Loop
draw the cycle...
35
What is Type 1 Diabetes and how it is cured?
* A condition where blood glucose levels cant be controlled because the insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas are unable to make insulin * Treatment - Insulin Injections
36
Thermoregulation
how the body maintains its internal temperature
37
Homeostatis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment/conditions
38
Vasodilation
* Lowering body hairs * Increase in sweat production * Spreading limbs & lying down * When blood vessels get wider
39
Vasoconstriction
* Raising body hairs * Shivering * Decrease in sweat production * Cuddling in groups -or- curling up * When blood vessels get narrower & constricts
40
What is a tropic response?
A response (growth) to a directional stimulus
41
How are tropic responses controlled?
Tropic responses are controlled by plant hormones known as auxins are made in shoot tips & cause cell elongation, they move through the plant by diffusion & active transport (short dist.) or via phloem (long dist.)
42
Geotropism
* Response to gravity * Roots are +ively gravitropic as they grow towards gravity & Shoots are -ively gravitropic as they grow against gravity
43
Phototropism
* Response to light * Roots are -ively gravitropic as they grow against gravity & Shoots are +ively gravitropic as they grow towards gravity
44
How auxins respond to phototropism?
The auxins move away from the light towards the shaded area, so that side bends more & causes plant to bend towards the light

Biology (9 decks)

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