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Biology > Coordination & Response > Flashcards

Coordination & Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of Nervous Systems

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
* brain & spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
* all the nerves in the body

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2
Q

Function of Nervous Systems

A
  • Make sense of our surroundings and respond to them
  • Coordinate and regulate body functions
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3
Q

Types of Neurones

A
  • Sensory Neurone
  • carries impulses from sense organs to the CNS (brain or spinal cord)
  • Motor Neurone
  • carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
  • Relay Neurone
  • are found inside the CNS and connect sensory and motor neurones
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4
Q

Voluntary Response

A

a response in which you consciously choose to carry out a specific action; as a result, it begins in your brain

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5
Q

Involuntary/Reflex Response

A

a response which is not coordinated by the brain, and you are not aware that you have finished it until after you have carried it out.

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6
Q

The Reflex Arc

A

Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neurone → Relay Neurone → Motor Neurone → Effector → Response

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7
Q

Reflex Action

A

A rapid response to a stimulus by an effector (muscle or gland)

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8
Q

Synapse

A

A junction at which 2 neurones meet

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9
Q

How an impulse is transmitted between 2 neurones?

A

….

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10
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

An electrical signal that passes along nerve cells (neurons)

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11
Q

What are sense organs?

A

Organs that contain a group of receptors that detect changes in the environment/ respond to specific stimuli

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12
Q

The Eye

A

a sense organ that detects light

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13
Q

Cornea

A

transparent lens that refracts light as it enters the eye

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14
Q

Iris

A

controls how light enters the eye

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15
Q

Pupil

A

the hole in the middle of the iris that lets light into the eye

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16
Q

Lens

A

transparent lens that can shape to focus light onto the retina

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17
Q

Retina

A

contains light receptor cells
* RODS - detect light intensity
* CONES - detect color

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18
Q

Fovea

A

a section in the middle of the retina which contains a large amount of cone cells

19
Q

Optic Nerve

A

sensory neurone that carries impulses between eye and brain

21
Q

Pupil Reflex

A

This is a reflex action carried out to protect the retina from damage in bright light and protect us from not seeing objects in dim light

21
Q

In Bright Light

A
  • Photoreceptors detect change in environment (bright)
  • Radial muscles relax and Circular Muslces contract
  • Pupil constricts and less light enters the eye
22
Q

Accomodation

A

Ability to focus objects at different distances onto the retina

23
Q

Blind Spot

A

At the point where the optic nerve joins the retina, there are no light-sensitive rod and cone cells on that part of the retina

24
Q

Myopia

A

A defect of vision in which a person can see nearby objects clearly but cant see distant objects clearly because the image is formed infront of the retina

25
Q

Cause & Correction of Myopia

A

CAUSE:
increase in curvature of eye lens and length of eyeball
CORRECTION:
Use of concave lens

26
Q

Hypermetropia

A

A defetc of vision in which a person can see distant objects clearly but cant see nearby objects clearly because the image is formed behind of the retina

27
Q

Cause & Correction of Hypermetropia

A

CAUSE:
decrease in curvature of eye lens and length of eyeball
CORRECTION:
use of convex lens

28
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland/organ in the body & carried to the blood to affect another organ in the body

29
Q

Where is adrenaline secreted and what is it’s role and effect?

A
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Readies the body for “Fight or Flight” response
  • Increases heart and breathing rate and pupil dilation
30
Q

Where is insulin secreted and what is it’s role and effect?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Lowers blood glucose levels
  • Causes the excess glucose in the blood to be converted into glycogen
31
Q

Role of Insulin

A
  • Is secreted into the blood at times when blood glucose levels are high
  • Temporarily converts excess glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscles, &, several hours later is converted back when blood glucose levels have lowered due to high levels of respiration in tissues
32
Q

Where is testosterone secreted and what is it’s role and effect?

A
  • Testes
  • Main male sex hormone
  • Development of secondary sexual characteristics in males
33
Q

Where is oestrogen secreted and what is it’s role and effect?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Main female sex hormone
  • Development of secondary sexual characteristics in females and controls menstrual cycle
34
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

draw the cycle…

35
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes and how it is cured?

A
  • A condition where blood glucose levels cant be controlled because the insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas are unable to make insulin
  • Treatment - Insulin Injections
36
Q

Thermoregulation

A

how the body maintains its internal temperature

37
Q

Homeostatis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment/conditions

38
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • Lowering body hairs
  • Increase in sweat production
  • Spreading limbs & lying down
  • When blood vessels get wider
39
Q

Vasoconstriction

A
  • Raising body hairs
  • Shivering
  • Decrease in sweat production
  • Cuddling in groups -or- curling up
  • When blood vessels get narrower & constricts
40
Q

What is a tropic response?

A

A response (growth) to a directional stimulus

41
Q

How are tropic responses controlled?

A

Tropic responses are controlled by plant hormones known as auxins are made in shoot tips & cause cell elongation, they move through the plant by diffusion & active transport (short dist.) or via phloem (long dist.)

42
Q

Geotropism

A
  • Response to gravity
  • Roots are +ively gravitropic as they grow towards gravity & Shoots are -ively gravitropic as they grow against gravity
43
Q

Phototropism

A
  • Response to light
  • Roots are -ively gravitropic as they grow against gravity & Shoots are +ively gravitropic as they grow towards gravity
44
Q

How auxins respond to phototropism?

A

The auxins move away from the light towards the shaded area, so that side bends more & causes plant to bend towards the light

Biology (9 decks)

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