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Year 4 small animal > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone release does GnRH stimulate in the female

A

FSH and LH

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2
Q

What hormone release does GnRH stimulate in the male

A

Testosterone

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3
Q

What oestrus stages are in the follicular phase

A

Prooestrus and oestrus

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4
Q

What oestrus stages are in the luteal phase

A

Met oestrus and dioestrus

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5
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle in the bitch

A

7 months

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6
Q

How long is the follicular phase in the bitch

A

9 days proestrus
9 days oestrus

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7
Q

What does prolactin do

A

Luteotrophic so maintains the CL

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8
Q

What drug stops the luteal phase in the bitch

A

Prolactin inhibitor

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9
Q

What sort of oestrus cycle does the queen have

A

Polyoestrus seasonalong day breeder with induced ovulation

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10
Q

What is special about progesterone in the cat

A

It never rises unless she has ovulated - give LH to force ovulation to measure progesterone

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11
Q

How to queens ovulate

A

With the build up of LH from repeated mating surges
3 in 12 hours

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12
Q

What happens if the queen ovulates but doesn’t get pregnant

A

Long luteal phase - 45 days

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13
Q

What happens to the oocyte after ovulation in the bitch

A

Takes 2 days to mature for fertilisation

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14
Q

Bitch pregnancy length

A

Late mating = short apparent pregnancy
Normally ovulation to parturition= 63 days
Early mating = long apparent pregnancy

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15
Q

What drugs can you use for unwanted mating

A

Oestradiol benzoate
Aglepristone

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16
Q

How can you assess risk of pregnancy with unwanted mating

A

Sperm identification on vaginal smear

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17
Q

What is congenital disease

A

Disease at birth

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18
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism

A

Congenital growth hormone deficiency
- abnormal pituitary development
Inherited disease - GSD
Look normal until 2 months then stunted growth, delayed dentition, puppy coat and abnormal repro development
Guarded prognosis

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19
Q

Common causes of conception failure in the bitch

A

Inappropriate mating time
Male infertility
Abnormal mating
Mating induced endometritis
Abnormal uterine environment

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20
Q

Common causes of infertility in the queen

A

Inadequate mating inappropriate time
Male infertility
Abnormal mating
Abnormal uterine environment

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21
Q

What is ceh

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

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22
Q

Issues with CEH

A

Increase mating induced endometritis
Reduced pregnancy rate and litter size - increased with antibiotics - 5 days potentiated amoxicillin on last day of mating (not good stewardship)

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23
Q

What is spontaneous isolated resorption

A

Resorption of one embryo with pregnancy continuation
With large litters likelihood of resorption increases

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24
Q

Canine herpes virus

A

Causes vesicular lesions of genital tract
May cause resorption, abortion, stillbirth
Venereal and respiratory spread
Vaccine available for 2 injections in pregnancy

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25
Q

Signs of canine herpes virus 1 in adults

A

Infertility in males/females
Genital lesions
Abortion
Placentitis
Reactivated when stressed

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26
Q

Signs of canine herpes virus 1 in <3weeks old

A

Fatal
Sudden death
Haemorrhage
V+/D+
Weightloss, failure of suck
Neurological signs
Ocular issues

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27
Q

Diagnosis of canine herpes virus 1

A

Serology - exposure not infection
Pathology - kidneys, liver, lungs, placenta
Virus isolation - lab specific

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28
Q

Non infectious causes of pregnancy loss

A

Abnormal uterine environment
Fetal abnormalities
Low progesterone (all puppies born abnormal if supplemented)

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29
Q

Possible infectious causes of pregnancy loss in the queen

A

Feline leukemia virus
Feline herpes virus
Feline panleukopenia virus
Feline infectious peritonitis
Chlamydia psittaci
Toxoplasma gondii

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30
Q

Non-infectious causes of pregnancy loss in the queen

A

Abnormal uterine environment
Fetal abnormalities
Low progesterone

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31
Q

Management of resorption/abortion

A

Systemic antimicrobials
Ecbolic agents - oxytocin to aid expulsion
Parenteral fluid therapy
Establish causes (PM/histopathology)

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32
Q

Dystocia history

A

Is it first pregnancy
Any vulval discharge
Any uterine/abdominal contractions
Foetal membranes/fluid
Any foetal deliveries
When was mating?
Has rectal temperature declined (24h prior to mating)
Has progesterone declined (1.5 days before parturition)
Any uterine contractions (2-4h prior)
Any abdominal contractions (30-120mins before)

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33
Q

Assessment of dystocia

A

Clinical exam of bitch
Digital exam - dilation, any foetuses? Membranes? Size of canal?
Endoscopic exam - is the cervix open?
Ultrasonographic exam - are they alive, size? Heartreate?
Radiography - number and size, foetal death signs
Progesterone measurement

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34
Q

What are the signs of foetal death

A

Change in posture
Overlapping skull bones
Foetal/uterine gas

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35
Q

What is the meaning of different foetal heart rates

A

Normal 170-240
<150 indicates hypoxia
<130 poor prognosis if not delivered in 2-3h
<100 need immediate intervention to prevent demise

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36
Q

Cause of dystocia

A

3/4 of SA dystocias are maternal

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37
Q

Treatments for dystocia

A

Correction of orientation - retropulsion, correct position/posture and traction
Oxytocin - short half life, every 30 mins for 3 doses, worsens hypoxia, large litters Caesar better
Calcium - 1ml/kg SC of 2.5% solution

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38
Q

Contraindications for oxytocin

A

Large litters - won’t get all out in time and tire bitch
Bradycardia - increases hypoxia

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39
Q

Definition of pyometra

A

Accumulation of purulent secretions in uterine lumen of sexually intact bitches

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40
Q

How does CEH occur

A

Thickening of the endometrium through the progesterone dominant part of the cycle doesn’t fully regress with multiple non-pregnant cycles leading to a hyperplasia

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41
Q

How does pyometra occur

A

Ascending infection from open cervix during oestrus
Fluid secreted from endometrium is ideal for bacterial growth
Myometrial contractions are suppressed and fluid can’t be expelled
Cervix closes and traps infection

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42
Q

What bacteria causes most pyometras

A

E.coli
Produces endotoxin on death leading to endotoxaemia and death

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43
Q

How long does involution take

A

12 weeks bitch
6 weeks queen
Vulval discharge normal for 3-4 weeks

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44
Q

What happens with retained foetal membranes in smallies

A

Uncommon though often suspected
Normally passed within 20 mins of pup
Retention suspected with persistence of green/black discharge post parturition
Diagnosis on ultrasound
Oxytocin and antibiotics to treat, low dose PG to cause contractions

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45
Q

What are the types of prostaglandin

A

Dynaprost - simulates natural PG, luteolytic and spasmodic - can cause colic (old)
Cloprotinal - more luteolytic less spasmodic so not useful for uterine contraction

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46
Q

Clinical signs of post partum metritis

A

Depression, pyrexia, anorexia
Purulent vulval discharge
Neutrophilia with left shift
Uterine enlargement
Animal is sick - deep bacterial invasion at placental attachment sites

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47
Q

How can you manage post partum metritis

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics
Fluids
Ecbolic agents

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48
Q

What two conditions cause inadequate milk

A

Agalactica - no milk production
Lack of milk let down

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49
Q

Causes/treatment for agalactica

A

First litter
Premature birth/early caesarean
Treat with metaclopramide
(Dopamine agonist = prolactin antagonist)

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50
Q

Causes/treatment for lack of milk let down

A

Anxiety, pain, stress, cold
Oxytocin treatment

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51
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Common in early lactation
Signs - nervousness, panting, whining, hypersalivation, stiff gait, tetany, pyrexia
Treatment - calcium borogluconate slowly IV 2.5%
Oral supplementation okay but after whelping

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52
Q

Sub-involution of placental sites (sips)

A

Area of uterus not involuted
Signs persist after next oestrus
Treatments don’t normally help blood loss can be significant and ovariohysterectomy can be needed

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53
Q

Post partum haemorrhage

A

Causes - parturition injury, lack of involution, following Caesar
Treatment - tampon, ecbolic agents, ovx

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54
Q

Treatment for excessive milk at weaning

A

Cabergoline
Large swollen mammary gland, painful, predisposed to mastitis

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55
Q

Uterine prolapse

A

Rare - immediately or after parturition with open cervix

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56
Q

What does polytocous mesn

A

Multiple offspring

57
Q

What venereal pathogen causes abortion, stillbirth and fading pups

A

Brucella canis

58
Q

How does canine herpes virus present in dogs

A

Vesicular lesions in genital treats
Can cause abortion, stillbirths and resorption
Vaccine available for pregnant bitches and very effective

59
Q

Viral infections that can cause pregnancy loss

A

Canine parvovirus
Canine adenovirus
Canine distemper virus

60
Q

common testicular tumours

A

leydig cell
sertoli cell
seminoma

61
Q

what does oestrogen do to the testicles

A

preputial swelling
male attractiveness
bilateral symmetrical non-pruritic alopecia
normal testicular tissue atrophy

62
Q

what causes cryptorchidism

A

sex-linked autosomal recessive trait

63
Q

what causes testicular degeneration

A

high temperature/local inflammation
vascular lesions
drugs
endogenous/exogenous hormones
toxins
auto-immune disease

64
Q

penile/preputial discharge

A

muco-purulent often normal as lots of normal commensal
sometimes causes such as FB, adhesions,abnormalities
treatment - remove cause/saline flush

65
Q

Lymphoid hyperplasia

A

common - raised nodule lesions as the base of penis, normally pale and firm
may bleed in retraction/mating
no treatment required

66
Q

Balanoposthitis

A

penile inflammation = balanitis, prepucial = posthitis
overgrowth of bacteria - seen in dogs that lick
topical cleaning/antiseptic/antibiotics

67
Q

balanitis

A

haemorrhaegic spots on penile skin progressing to thickening
some association with masturbation

68
Q

Phimosis

A

abnormally small preputial orifice
congenital/trauma/inflammation
CS - narrow urine stream, urine pooling in prepuce, inability to copulate, balanoposthitis
Treatment - preputial wedge

69
Q

Paraphimosis

A

failure to retract the penis
caused by - small preputial opening, inversion of the preputial skin/hair, hair ring in tom cat, short prepuce
treatment - prepucial wedge resection, hair removal, preputial advancement/penile amputation

70
Q

semen abnormalities

A

number
motility
morphology

71
Q

causes of azoospermia

A

incomplete ejaculation
obstruction
gonadal dysfunction

72
Q

prostate assessment

A

palpation of - gland size, pain, moveability, sub lumbar lymph nodes
radiography/ultrasonography
massage for prostatic fluid

73
Q

treatment for prostatic hyperplasia

A

castration
progestogens
GnRH agonist (deslorelin)

74
Q

acute bacterial prostatitis

A

ascending infection
CS - systemic illness, V+, caudal abdominal pain
on palpation - asymmetrical and very painful
normally many bacteria on urinalysis
leucocytosis on haematology
treatment - 3-4 weeks antibiotics, castration

75
Q

prostatic cysts

A

parenchymal retention cysts - normally underlying disease
cystic uterus masculinus - attached to prostate by stalk
treatment - castration, excision + omentalisation

76
Q

prostatic neoplasia

A

adenocarcinoma most common
tend to metastasise
castration doesnt protect
treatment - palliative hormonal treatments, nsaids

77
Q

clinical signs of ovarian tumours

A

pyometra
abnormal oestrus
vaginal discharge
sex organ change
lumbar pain
abdominal mass
enlarged abdomen
lethargy
weight gain/weight loss

78
Q

treatment of ovarian tumours

A

ovariohysterectomy

79
Q

what are the 3 most common reproductive tumours in the bitch

A

mammary
vaginal
vestibular

80
Q

clinical signs of penile tumours

A

licking of prepuce/penis
haemorrhaegic/mucopurulent discharge
haematuria
dysuria
increased urinary frequency
phimosis/paraphimosis

81
Q

difference between cat and dog mammary tumours

A

cat much more likely to be aggressive, take unilateral strip for 1 tumour
85% are malignant

82
Q

advantage of neutering in terms of mammary neoplasia

A

massively reduced risk if spayed under 18 months and nearly no risk if under 6 months
no difference if spayed over 2 years
obesity increases risk

83
Q

mammary tumour grading

A

1 - uniform neoplastic cells in cluster with smooth nuclear membrane, vesicular chromatic/indistinct nuclei
2 - mildly pleomorphic with visible nucleoli, irregular nuclear margin and granular chromatin
3 - pleomorphic cells in loose cluster with prominent nuclei/irregular membrane and chromatin clearing

84
Q

surgical options for mammary tumour

A

lumpectomy
single mastectomy
regional mastectomy
complete mastectomy

85
Q

what glands do you remove in the bitch

A

gland 1 - just 1
gland 2 - 1 and 2
gland 3 - consider all
gland 4 - 4 and 5
gland 5 - just 5

86
Q

what should you avoid in mastectomy

A

avoid sectioning the mammary capsule and if it happens change instruments

87
Q

treatments to be done alongside mastectomy

A

nsaids
ovh
chemotherapy if any non-ressectable tumours

88
Q

what is galactostasis

A

mammary gland congestion
seen close to parturition/after weaning
CS - engorgement/painful gland
failure of let down
treatment - reducing food intake, cold packs, encouraging sucking/milking

89
Q

what is agalactia

A

failure of milk production
caused by inadequate mammary development, early caesar
treatment - metaclopramide
OR failure of milk let down - nervous bitches with adrenaline blocking oxytocin - give exogenous oxytocin

90
Q

causes of mastitis

A

ascending bacterial infection of e.coli/streps/staphs
CS - swelling, heat, pain
treatment - broad spec bactericidal antibiotics - cephalexin anf amoxyclav recommended with puppies.
hot packing encourages drainage and fluid therapy

91
Q

signs of pseudopregnancy

A

anorexia, nervousness, aggression, nest making, nursing objects, lactation, occasionally parturition

92
Q

treatment for pseudopregnancy

A

normally none
cabergoline for behavioural changes/reduced milk production
prolactin inhibitors (ensure not pregnant first)
general care

93
Q

queen fibro-epithelial hyperplasia

A

caused by growth hormones
firm glands, secondary mastitis/ulceration common
can get very large/oedematous/ulcerated
FNA - epithelial/spindle cells
treatment -
-intact - spay/cabergoline/algepristone
- on oral progestogens - stop and cabergoline/algepristone
- on depot progestogens - cabergoline/algepristone

94
Q

what can cause delayed puberty

A

systemic disease including hypothyroidism
slow reaching adult bodyweight
chromosomal abnormality

95
Q

what is split oestrus

A

bitch has apparent oestrus and then another a short while later- absence of ovulation first time
common at puberty

96
Q

what causes ovulation failure in the queen

A

inappropriate breeding management - need matings 3x at 4 hour intervals for optimal ovulation or hCG injection on day 1 of oestrus

97
Q

what is the most common cause of infertility in the bitch

A

mating at the incorrect time - ovulation can vary between day 5 and day 32 - best within fertile window

98
Q

causes of pain at coitus in the bitch

A

vestibulo-vaginal remnants/dorso-ventral bands - treated by transection
small vaginal hyperplasia - conservative treatment/resection/ovh

99
Q

causes of the bitch not getting/staying pregnant

A

inappropriate mating time, male infertility, abnormal uterine environment

100
Q

causes of abnormal uterine environment

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia - older dogs during the luteal phase
can progress to pyometra

101
Q

ovarian cysts

A

bursal cysts - insignificant
functional ovarian cysts - oestrogen producing - persistent oestrus. - may respond to hCG or may need progestogen suppression
progesterone producing - persistent anoestrus, usually found with OVH due to pyometra

102
Q

intersexuality

A

signs of phenotypic female - enlarged clitorus, odd vulval shape, male behaviour
signs of phenotypic male - small penis, slit-like prepuce, penile bleeding, can develop pyometra

103
Q

infectious causes of infertility

A

opportunistic commensal bacteria common
viruses eg herpes/distemper

104
Q

what is the ejaculatory fluid split into

A

3 fractions
1st - 0.5-2ml prostatic fluid containing no sperm to flush the urethra of urine
2nd - 0.5-2ml sperm rich fraction into cranial vagina
3rd - 15-20,ml during tie prostatic fluid to wash sperm into the uterus

105
Q

what mating problems occur in the male

A

poor libido - inexperience/poor breeding management, do not give androgens
mating difficultly - inexperience, psychological problems, abnormal penis

106
Q

what does red/green vulval discharge indicate

A

placental separation

107
Q

can you spay with a caesarean

A

yes as prolactin produced by pituitary

108
Q

risk factors for primary uterine inertia

A

small or very large litters (small reduces signal and large uterine stretch inhibits contraction)
old age
obesity
diet (hypocalcaemia)

109
Q

oxytocin use in dystocia

A

give oxytocin, aim for contractions to be productive
pups are often left behind
better to early caesar than exhaust the bitch prior to surgery

110
Q

what agonises prolactin

A

dopamine antagonists - metoclopramide

111
Q

what happens to rectal temperature around parturition

A

drops 1.5 days beforehand

112
Q

assessments for pup viability

A

gas - in uterus/under skin
positioning of skull bones
abnormal body positioning

113
Q

gross/histopathological changes of the uterus with infection

A

uterine distension
uterine wall thickening
mucosa can be necrotic, haemorrhaegic, hyperplastic, marked suppurative inflammation
plasma cells in stroma/cystic glands

114
Q

presenting signs of pyometra

A

history - FE, older 6+, 1-3m after season, PUPD, anorexia, V+, lethargy, vaginal discharge if open
CE - mild pyrexia, sometimes palpable uterine distension, dehydration, sometimes acute shock/collapse

115
Q

pyometra diagnosis

A

bloods - increased WBC, azotaemia, metabolic acidosis, low Na+ and high K+, hypoglycaemia, toxic bone marrow suppression
urinalysis - isosthenuria, proteinuria, active sediment
radiography - can raise suspicion, warning pregnancy <40d can look similar
ultrasound - quick and easy, 2 fluid filled loops near bladder but more hyperechoic

116
Q

treatment for pyometra

A

medical - broad spectrum anti-biotics
anti-progestogen drugs - prostaglandins (PGF-2a)/dopamine agonists (cabergoline)/progesterone receptor agonists(algepristone)
need to breed or spay before next season. must be systemically well
surgery - ovariohysterectomy
stabilise with iv fluids first, correct hypoglycaemia, start anti-biotics

117
Q

potential complications with pyometra

A

low BP
cardiac arrythmias
ruptured uterus
haemorrhage
ventilation
post-op pain
temperature

118
Q

post op care for pyometra

A

continue monitoring
IVFT
pain score
analgesia

119
Q

feline pyometra

A

less common
harder to detect
diagnosis and treatment the same
may not present until very late, cats often clean away discharge

120
Q

stomach during pregnancy

A

increased gastrin production, increased HCl, decreased stomach pH
decreased gastric motility
reduced oesophageal sphincter tone increases risk of regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia

121
Q

respiration during pregnancy

A

increased oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate
increased tidal volume
renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis
diagram pushed cranial due to increased uterus size

122
Q

premed for pregnant

A

methadone sensible
avoid acepromazine - can cause hypotension and not reversible
alpha -2 - vasoconstriction and reduced CO, useful in fractious/feral

123
Q

care with pregnant analgesia

A

pre-oxygenate at least 5 mins to prevent hypoxaemia
induction - raise head, intubate swiftly, propofol/alfaxalone not ket
tilt table a little
maintain with iso/sevo but beaware of reduced MAC
most medications not licensed for pregnant

124
Q

what is suitable for induction in c section

A

propofol or alfaxalone

125
Q

what determines uterine blood flow

A

maternal blood pressure

126
Q

GnRH supression

A

short term - buserelin injection/deslorelin implant
long term - deslorelin implant - used for behaviour/fertility in males and oestrus suppression/puberty delay in the bitch

127
Q

progestogen effects

A

central sedation
closes cervix
stimulates endometrial proliferation, suppresses myometrial activity
mammary enlargement
proligestone/osaterone

128
Q

treatment of pseudopregnancy

A

proligestone / delmadinone

129
Q

unwanted mating treatment

A

oestradiol benzoate
use day 3, 5 and 7 post mating
alternative is algepristone

130
Q

urinary incontinence treatment

A

estriol - many possible regimes

131
Q

hCG use in small animals

A

testing gonadal function
hastening ovulation
forcing ovulation
test for cryptochid

132
Q

prostaglandin use

A

open cervix pyometra
pregnancy termination
post-partum metritis

133
Q

oxytocin use

A

uterine contraction (when receptors present)
milk let down

134
Q

prolactin use

A

luteotrophic agent
stimulate milk production

135
Q

prolactin agonists

A

metaclopramide
low dose phenothiazines

136
Q

prolactin inhibitors

A

cabergoline - causes CL demise

137
Q

when is spaying appropriate around seasons in bitch

A

> 12 weeks post oestrus
or within 3-4 weeks of end

138
Q

why do you need to close the vaginal tunic in rabbit/guinea pigs

A

large inguinal ring - will eviscerate

Year 4 small animal (18 decks)

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