dermatology

Question 1

what is scale

Answer 1

presence of keratin flakes in the hair coat and on the skin
small levels normal

Question 2

primary diseases that cause scale

Answer 2

primary keratinization disorders - ichthyosis (golden ret)
primary sebhorrhoea
zinc responsive dermatitis
ear margin seborrhoea
naso/digital hyperkeratosis

Question 3

most common scales

Answer 3

bacterial infection - following pustule rupture circle of scale/hair loss around site

Question 4

diagnostic plan for scale

Answer 4

check for parasites
check for infection
general health screening
biopsy
genetic testing

Question 5

scale type treatments 1

Answer 5

zinc responsive - treated with zinc supplementation/anti-inflammatory steroids
golden retriever ichthyosis - symptomatic (and dont breed)
ear margin seborrhoea - incurable, antiseborrhoeic shampoo/moisturiser/surgery
nasodigitial hyperkeratosis - cut off fronds, hydrate the keratin
nasal parakeratosis of labrador - topical vit E, petrolean jelly, propylene glycol
footpad hyperkeratosis - 50% propylene glycol soak

Question 6

main causes of skin disease

Answer 6

ectoparasites
microbial
allergic
immune mediated
wound
metabolic
neoplasia

Question 7

common skin diseases in the dog

Answer 7

ectoparasites
infection - staphs, malassezia, dermatophytes, viruses
allergies
neoplasia
endocrine

Question 8

common skin diseases in the cat

Answer 8

ectoparasites
infections
dermatophytes
allergies
neoplasia

Question 9

parasitic tests

Answer 9

coat brush - fleas/lice
acetate strip - surface parasotes (cheyletielle, d,gatoi, lice, neotrombicula)
skin scraping - deep parasites (d.canis/cati, sarcoptes)
trichogram - demodex, lice/cheyletiella

Question 10

what stain should you use on acetate strips

Answer 10

eosin
methylene blue
(no fixative)

Question 11

when do you only use methylene blue

Answer 11

tape if no need for eosin
waxy ear smears

Question 12

canine atopic dermatitis

Answer 12

environmental cause of chronic, relapsing, pruritic, inflammatory skin disease
IgE association (not valid for diagnosis)
all pathways proliferate via Janus kinase (oclacitnib (apoquel) targets this)

Question 13

food atopic dermatitis

Answer 13

any age
not associated with diet change
signs identical to environmental

Question 14

4 feline atopy presentations

Answer 14

Face, head and neck (FHN)
self-induced alopecia (SIA)
miliary dermatitis (MD)
eoisinohpilic granuloma complex (EGC)

Question 15

drug eruptions

Answer 15

can present as any type of cutaneous lesion with any hypersensitivity mechanism behind it

Question 16

how long should a food trial be

Answer 16

min 8 weeks

Question 17

drugs to control inflammation/pruritis

Answer 17

glucocorticoids/corticosteroids - whole cascade
oclacitnib
lokivetmab - good for pruritis, nothing for inflammation
ciclosporin

Question 18

treatments to improve skin barrier

Answer 18

moisturisers
fatty acids
essential oils

Question 19

non-specific scale treatments

Answer 19

keratoplastic/keratolytic shampoos
moisturising/emollient products
salicylic acid
selenium suplide
retinoids - normalise skin development

Question 20

FAD

Answer 20

cs - dog - scratching, biting (caudal half of dog) cat - head and neck, miliary dermatitis, bilateral symmetrical
dx - combing/intra-dermal tests
tx - flea control

Question 21

what is pruriceptive pruritis

Answer 21

pruritis due to stimulation of peripheral skin receptors with healthy nervous system

Question 22

neuropathic pruritis

Answer 22

generated in CNS in response to anatomical lesions, circulating pruritogens, pharmacological

Question 23

what is SIA

Answer 23

self induced alopecia
bilateral symmetrical alopecia that cat can reach with tongue
stubbley hair with damaged tips

Question 24

what is the most common cause of face head and neck pruritis

Answer 24

ectoparasites

Question 25

where do eosinophilic granuloma complexes normally occur

Answer 25

caudal thighs, oral cavity, feet, chin

Question 26

where do indolent ulcers occur

Answer 26

mucocutaneous junction of upper lips
rarely painful or pruritic

Question 27

assessment of microbial infection

Answer 27

cytology best

Question 28

sarcoptic mange presentation

Answer 28

contagious
pinnal crusting
+ pinnal-pedal reflex
treatment - izoxazolines

Question 29

viral ulceration in cats

Answer 29

feline herpes virus - lesions of eyelids, muzzle and nose
feline calicivirus - vesicles on mucous membranes, lips and nose

Question 30

plasma cell pododermatitis

Answer 30

soft swollen pads with scaling
plasma cells on FNA
immune modulation - steroids, ciclosporin

Question 31

treatment of cutaneous lupus

Answer 31

topical - steroid creams/sprays, tacrolimus, anti-septics
systemic - immunosuppression

Question 32

treatment for mucocutaneous pyoderma

Answer 32

acute - antistaphylococcus antibiotics and chlorhexidine washes, steroids useful
chronic - frequent antiseptic use, intermittent topical steroids

Question 33

diseases presenting as primary crusting

Answer 33

pemphigus foliaceua
canine juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis/lymphadenitis
squamous cell carcinoma
other - feline acne, calcinosis cutis, superficial necrolytic dermatitis, facial dermatitis of persians

Question 34

canine pemphigus foliaceus

Answer 34

most common autoimmune disease
middle-older
igG response to desmosomal proteins
CS - bilateral symmetrical crusting, lesions usually head/pinane but can appear anywhere. pruritis/mildly unwell
treatment - immunosupression with slow tapering
feline same but lesions around claw folds and nipples

Question 35

canine juvenile granulomatous dermatitis/lymphadenitis

Answer 35

swelling of muzzle, lips, eyelids, pinnae. pyrexia, depression and anorexia
sterile pustules with ulcers/draining tracts/crusts/hair loss/cellulitis
dx - cytology
treatment - prednisolone

Question 36

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 36

feline
older cats, white pigmented areas
uv related
flat firm ulcerated lesions
diagnosis on biopsy
treatment - surgery, radiotherapy